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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3โL7 policy models |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Transparent traffic encryption - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
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NEW QUESTION # 33
What would be a benefit of using remote service affinity in a Cluster Mesh deployment?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Remote service affinity directs a global Service to prefer healthy backend endpoints located in remote clusters. This can support maintenance or staged rollouts in which the local copy of an application is temporarily unavailable or intentionally removed from service. Requests originating in the local cluster continue through the same global Service but are forwarded to the preferred remote backends, matching the use case described by D.
Cilium configures this behavior through the service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" annotation. The preference affects backend selection; it does not require clients to use a different Service address. If remote backends are available, they are marked as preferred. This provides operators with a controlled way to direct traffic away from the local deployment during an update.
Option A describes local affinity from the perspective of the cluster containing the client, not remote affinity.
Option B incorrectly introduces the Egress Gateway, which provides controlled source addresses and routing for outbound traffic rather than Cluster Mesh global-Service affinity. Option C describes the normal none affinity behavior, under which Cilium has no local-or-remote preference and can load-balance across both categories.
Remote affinity therefore enables temporary cross-cluster continuity while local application instances are updated or otherwise unavailable.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Service Affinity .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 34
Which encapsulation protocols are supported when configuring Cilium in tunnel mode?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium tunnel mode supports VXLAN and Geneve encapsulation. In this routing model, Cilium nodes form an overlay mesh, and traffic exchanged between nodes is carried inside UDP-encapsulated packets. VXLAN is the default tunnel protocol and normally uses UDP port 8472. Geneve is the alternative and normally uses UDP port 6081. Operators select the protocol through the tunnel-protocol configuration setting, whose documented values are vxlan and geneve .
Encapsulation reduces the requirements placed on the underlying network. The underlay only needs to provide IP connectivity between the Kubernetes nodes and permit the selected UDP tunnel port. It does not need to learn or route individual PodCIDRs. Cilium also uses the tunnel metadata to carry information such as the source security identity, avoiding an additional identity lookup on the receiving node.
MPLS, OTV, STT, and EVPN are not supported values for Cilium's tunnel-protocol setting. EVPN may be used in broader data-center network designs, and MPLS is a carrier-routing technology, but neither is a Cilium overlay encapsulation choice. Therefore, B is the only supported pair.
Official references
Cilium Routing ; System Requirements .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 35
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 36
What is NOT a valid description of the sidecar-based model?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
C is not a valid description. A service-mesh sidecar externalizes networking functions into a proxy container running beside the application; it does not force the instrumentation logic into the application's source code.
In fact, a core service-mesh objective is to provide connectivity, security, traffic management, and observability transparently without requiring application-code changes.
The operational concerns in the other choices are characteristic of sidecar implementations. A proxy must be injected into each workload pod, increasing container count and potentially affecting pod initialization, resource consumption, ordering, and readiness. Adding a sidecar to an existing pod template normally requires the pods to be recreated because Kubernetes cannot dynamically add a new container to an already- running pod.
Traffic interception also directs application traffic through the sidecar proxy and its network namespace paths, adding network-stack traversal and proxy-processing overhead. Cilium's service-mesh design can instead use node-level Envoy proxies together with eBPF traffic redirection, avoiding one proxy container in every application pod. This preserves transparent application behavior while reducing the per-workload operational burden.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh , Cilium Ingress and Network Policy Example
Study Guide topic: Sidecar-based and sidecar-free service-mesh architectures.
NEW QUESTION # 37
You are managing two Kubernetes clusters, labeled as Cluster A and Cluster B, both of which have Cilium installed. You want to mesh Cluster A and Cluster B together The following characteristics define these clusters:
# Both clusters are configured In encapsulation mode.
# The PodCIDR ranges differ: Cluster A uses 192.168.0.0723, while Cluster B uses 192.168.2.0/24.
# There is IP connectivity between the nodes in all clusters using their respective InternallP addresses.
# The network infrastructure between the clusters enables inter-cluster communication.
# Cluster A runs Kubernetes version 1.28, and Cluster B runs Kubernetes version 1.27.
# Cilium versions also differ, with Cluster A using version 1.14 and Cluster B using version 1.13.
# Both clusters share the same cluster name and cluster ID.
# The Cilium certificate authority differs between Cluster A and Cluster B.
Is it possible to create a cluster mesh given the conditions?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A Cluster Mesh can be created after assigning each cluster a unique name and numeric cluster ID. Cilium uses the cluster ID when constructing Cluster Mesh security identities, so duplicate values cannot safely identify endpoints from different clusters. The name must likewise be unique. These values can be changed after installation, although all existing workloads must then be restarted so their security identities are regenerated.
The other listed conditions are compatible. Both clusters use the same encapsulation datapath mode, their PodCIDRs are intended to be non-overlapping, and the nodes possess the required inter-cluster connectivity.
Different Kubernetes patch or minor versions do not inherently prevent Cluster Mesh. Cilium versions may differ by one minor release, so versions 1.14 and 1.13 satisfy the documented compatibility rule.
Different certificate authorities are not an irreversible blocker under current documentation. Every cluster must trust certificates presented by the others. Operators may use a shared root CA or configure a CA bundle containing all trusted CA certificates. Consequently, B is too absolute. C is also false because changing the cluster identity is possible, subject to workload restarts. D is unnecessary because a one-minor Cilium difference is supported.
The source's option A is truncated, but its intended corrective action is technically accurate.
Official references
Setting up Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 38
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