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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Signed artifacts & verification - Image security & scanning - SBOM & CI/CD security - Permitted registries - Static analysis tools |
| Topic 2: Cluster Setup | 15% | - Network security policies - Secure Ingress configuration - Binary verification - CIS benchmark compliance - Node metadata protection |
| Topic 3: System Hardening | 10% | - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Minimize OS attack surface - Least privilege IAM - Network access control |
| Topic 4: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Secret management - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation - Pod Security Standards - Security contexts - Isolation & multi-tenancy |
| Topic 5: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Service account security - RBAC configuration - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - API access restriction |
| Topic 6: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Behavioral analytics - Audit log configuration - Container immutability - Incident investigation - Threat detection (Falco) |
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NEW QUESTION # 54
SIMULATION
Context:
Cluster: gvisor
Master node: master1
Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context gvisor
Context: This cluster has been prepared to support runtime handler, runsc as well as traditional one.
Task:
Create a RuntimeClass named not-trusted using the prepared runtime handler names runsc.
Update all Pods in the namespace server to run on newruntime.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below
Explanation:
Explanation:
[desk@cli] $vim runtime.yaml
apiVersion: node.k8s.io/v1
kind: RuntimeClass
metadata:
name: not-trusted
handler: runsc
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f runtime.yaml
[desk@cli] $ k get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-6798fc88e8-chp6r 1/1 Running 0 11m
nginx-6798fc88e8-fs53n 1/1 Running 0 11m
nginx-6798fc88e8-ndved 1/1 Running 0 11m
[desk@cli] $ k get deploy
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx 3/3 11 3 5m
[desk@cli] $ k edit deploy nginx
NEW QUESTION # 55
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context qa
Context:
A pod fails to run because of an incorrectly specified ServiceAccount
Task:
Create a new service account named backend-qa in an existing namespace qa, which must not have access to any secret.
Edit the frontend pod yaml to use backend-qa service account
Note: You can find the frontend pod yaml at /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml
Answer:
Explanation:
[desk@cli] $ k create sa backend-qa -n qa
sa/backend-qa created
[desk@cli] $ k get role,rolebinding -n qa
No resources found in qa namespace.
[desk@cli] $ k create role backend -n qa --resource pods,namespaces,configmaps --verb list
# No access to secret
[desk@cli] $ k create rolebinding backend -n qa --role backend --serviceaccount qa:backend-qa
[desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: frontend
spec:
serviceAccountName: backend-qa # Add this
image: nginx
name: frontend
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml
pod created
[desk@cli] $ k create sa backend-qa -n qa
serviceaccount/backend-qa created
[desk@cli] $ k get role,rolebinding -n qa
No resources found in qa namespace.
[desk@cli] $ k create role backend -n qa --resource pods,namespaces,configmaps --verb list role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/backend created
[desk@cli] $ k create rolebinding backend -n qa --role backend --serviceaccount qa:backend-qa rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/backend created
[desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: frontend
spec:
serviceAccountName: backend-qa # Add this
image: nginx
name: frontend
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml pod/frontend created https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/ pod/frontend created
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml pod/frontend created https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/
NEW QUESTION # 56
You are tasked with securing a Kubernetes cluster that runs sensitive workloads. You need to implement a mechanism to enforce least privilege access for all pods in the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service Account with Limited Permissions:
- Create a new ServiceAccount with minimal permissions:
2. Create a Role with Limited Permissions: - Create a Role that only grants the necessary permissions for the pods:
3. Bind the Role to the Service Account: - Bind the Role to the ServiceAccount:
4. Configure PodS to use the Service Account - Update your Deployment YAML to use the ServiceAccount:
NEW QUESTION # 57
Cluster: scanner Master node: controlplane Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context scanner
Given: You may use Trivy's documentation.
Task: Use the Trivy open-source container scanner to detect images with severe vulnerabilities used by Pods in the namespace nato.
Look for images with High or Critical severity vulnerabilities and delete the Pods that use those images. Trivy is pre-installed on the cluster's master node. Use cluster's master node to use Trivy.
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 58
You're tasked With securing a Kubernetes cluster for a sensitive application. The application utilizes a service account for accessing a database. However, due to legacy reasons, this service account has broad permissions, including 'read', 'write', and 'delete' access to all resources in the cluster. How would you mitigate this security risk while maintaining application functionality? Implement a solution that minimizes the permissions granted to the service account and adheres to the principle of least privilege.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a new Role With restricted permissions:
- Define a Role that grants only the necessary permissions for the service account to interact with the database.
- The Role should have specific permissions for 'read' , 'write' , and 'delete' operations, but limited to the database resources used by the application.
2. Create a RoleBinding: - Bind the newly created Role to the service account. - This will grant the service account the specific permissions defined in the Role.
3. Update the Deployment - Update the Deployment configuration to use the new service account with restricted permissions.
4. Validate the Permissions: - Verity that the application still functions correctly with the restricted permissions. - Use 'kubectl auth can-i --list --as=your-service-account' to confirm the available permissions for the service account. 5. Revoke the Legacy Service Account: - Once the application is running with the new service account, revoke the old service account with broad permissions.
NEW QUESTION # 59
......
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