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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium Architecture and Components - IP Address Management and Datapath Models |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking - eBPF Role and Benefits |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Cilium CLI and Configuration - Installation and Connectivity Testing |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
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It is similar to the Cilium-Associate desktop-based software, with all the elements of the desktop practice exam. This mock exam can be accessed from any browser and does not require installation. The Cilium Certified AssociateCCA (Cilium-Associate) questions in the mock test are the same as those in the real exam. And candidates will be able to take the web-based Cilium Certified AssociateCCA (Cilium-Associate) practice test immediately through any operating system and browsers.
NEW QUESTION # 24
A user has set up a global service as a Kubernetes user with access to clusters in a Cilium Cluster Mesh. They notice that all traffic is going to remote backend pods. What is a possible explanation?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
If a global Service has no healthy local endpoints matching its selector, every available backend can be remote. Cluster Mesh synchronizes remote service and endpoint information, allowing the local Cilium datapath to load-balance requests to backend pods in connected clusters. The absence of local endpoints therefore provides a direct explanation for the observed behavior.
If the local cluster were not part of the Cluster Mesh, its Cilium agents would not normally receive the remote endpoint state needed to route traffic through the global Service, so B does not explain successful remote-only selection. An affinity value of none is the default behavior and expresses no preference between local and remote endpoints. When both categories exist and are healthy, this permits load balancing across both; it does not require every connection to use remote backends.
Setting service.cilium.io/shared: "false" prevents the local Service's backends from being shared with remote clusters. It does not instruct the local cluster to direct all requests toward remote endpoints.
A separate possible cause, not presented among the choices, would be service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" .
Among the supplied answers, however, A is the valid explanation.
Official references
Service Affinity ; Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which encapsulation protocols are supported when configuring Cilium in tunnel mode?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium tunnel mode supports VXLAN and Geneve encapsulation. In this routing model, Cilium nodes form an overlay mesh, and traffic exchanged between nodes is carried inside UDP-encapsulated packets. VXLAN is the default tunnel protocol and normally uses UDP port 8472. Geneve is the alternative and normally uses UDP port 6081. Operators select the protocol through the tunnel-protocol configuration setting, whose documented values are vxlan and geneve .
Encapsulation reduces the requirements placed on the underlying network. The underlay only needs to provide IP connectivity between the Kubernetes nodes and permit the selected UDP tunnel port. It does not need to learn or route individual PodCIDRs. Cilium also uses the tunnel metadata to carry information such as the source security identity, avoiding an additional identity lookup on the receiving node.
MPLS, OTV, STT, and EVPN are not supported values for Cilium's tunnel-protocol setting. EVPN may be used in broader data-center network designs, and MPLS is a carrier-routing technology, but neither is a Cilium overlay encapsulation choice. Therefore, B is the only supported pair.
Official references
Cilium Routing ; System Requirements .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 26
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Please review the output of cilium status below and answer the question that follows. Please note, the output has been modified for accessibility purposes.
Question 2 cilium status exhibit
Assume the cluster is healthy. What is correct about the ci 1 ium status command output above?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The status output shows Envoy DaemonSet: disabled (using embedded mode) . In embedded mode, Cilium starts Envoy as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod when a feature requiring Layer 7 processing- such as an L7 network policy, protocol visibility, Ingress, or Gateway API-is used. This is precisely the behavior described in option B.
The remaining choices contradict the exhibit. The Cilium DaemonSet has a desired count of three, which ordinarily indicates three schedulable nodes running Cilium, not four. Hubble Relay: OK means the aggregation component is healthy. Hubble Relay connects to the Hubble instances associated with Cilium agents and presents a multi-node API to clients such as Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. Finally, ClusterMesh:
disabled rules out the claim that the installation is currently configured for Cilium Cluster Mesh service discovery and cross-cluster load balancing.
Cilium can alternatively run Envoy through the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. That is not the deployment displayed here because the DaemonSet is explicitly disabled and embedded mode is reported.
Official references
Envoy deployment modes ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 28
A Kubernetes cluster is not currently running Cilium as a CNI, but the user would like to benefit from Hubbies observability capabilities on your cluster. Which one of the following options is NOT possible?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble is Cilium's integrated observability layer and consumes flow events produced by Cilium's eBPF datapath and embedded Hubble servers. The Hubble CLI is only a client; downloading its binary does not install a standalone datapath or create flow data on a cluster that lacks Cilium. Option B is therefore the operation that is not possible.
The other approaches represent recognized Cilium deployment or migration models. A direct migration can replace the CNI configuration and recycle workloads or nodes, although a naive cluster-wide transition can disrupt connectivity. CNI chaining allows Cilium to operate with another CNI: the existing plugin continues to provide basic connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created interfaces to provide visibility, policy, and other functions. Cilium also documents migration through dual overlays. In that model, the old and new networks coexist temporarily, nodes are moved in a controlled sequence, and workloads attached to either overlay retain connectivity when the documented addressing and routing requirements are met.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is B because Hubble requires Cilium-managed observability data.
Official references
Setting up Hubble Observability ; CNI Chaining ; Migrating a cluster to Cilium .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 29
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