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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Topic 2: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Topic 3: Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Topic 4: Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Topic 5: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Topic 6: Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Topic 7: Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Topic 8: eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
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NEW QUESTION # 21
You are tasked to install Cilium and enable transparent encryption in a cluster in which the following conditions applies:
# Internal cluster traffic is IPv6-only
# The current cluster is running on 5001 nodes
# The cluster is planned to connect to another cluster which has 5001 nodes through Cluster Mesh What are your recommendations regarding transparent encryption?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is a supported recommendation: Cilium's WireGuard implementation provides transparent encryption between Cilium-managed endpoints, works with Cluster Mesh, and distributes node public keys to remote clusters through clustermesh-apiserver . All participating clusters must enable WireGuard, and inter-cluster firewalls must permit UDP port 51871. IPv6-only pod traffic does not inherently disqualify WireGuard.
However, this question is no longer uniquely answerable from current Cilium documentation. Current IPsec documentation supports IPv6 pod-to-pod connectivity and sets its cluster or Cluster Mesh limit at more than
65,535 nodes. The described mesh contains 10,002 nodes, so option B is also technically supportable under the stated facts. The older distinction apparently assumed by the supplied key is no longer sufficient to exclude IPsec.
Options C and D are definitively false. Ten thousand and two nodes remain below the documented IPsec ceiling, and transparent encryption is not restricted to IPv4. WireGuard may still be selected for its automatic per-node key-pair distribution and simpler Cluster Mesh integration, but workload performance, kernel support, firewall rules, key-management requirements, and operational testing should inform a production recommendation.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption , IPsec Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: Transparent-encryption selection, IPv6, Cluster Mesh, and scaling limits.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which Cilium command should you execute to gather network-related troubleshooting information from your Kubernetes cluster?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended answer is D, but the option contains a source-bank typographical error. The valid command is cilium sysdump , not cilium sysduwp . Read literally, none of the four displayed commands exactly answers the question.
The Cilium CLI's sysdump operation gathers cluster-wide troubleshooting material, including Cilium configuration and endpoint state, agent and operator logs, Kubernetes workload information, routing and interface details, kernel messages, service state, policies, and selected eBPF-map output. This consolidated archive is the preferred diagnostic package when investigating Kubernetes networking or preparing a support report.
cilium status --verbose provides expanded health and deployment status, but it does not collect the comprehensive diagnostic archive requested. debuginfo is associated with the in-agent debug client- currently documented as cilium-dbg debuginfo -and produces useful local-agent API information; in Kubernetes environments it is already included as part of the system dump. cilium bugtool is not the current cluster-wide Cilium CLI command requested here.
For an exam-ready correction, option D should read cilium sysdump .
Official references
Cilium Troubleshooting and Sysdump
Study Guide topic: Cilium CLI troubleshooting, system dumps, and diagnostic collection.
NEW QUESTION # 23
You are managing two Kubernetes clusters, labeled as Cluster A and Cluster B, both of which have Cilium installed. You want to mesh Cluster A and Cluster B together The following characteristics define these clusters:
# Both clusters are configured In encapsulation mode.
# The PodCIDR ranges differ: Cluster A uses 192.168.0.0723, while Cluster B uses 192.168.2.0/24.
# There is IP connectivity between the nodes in all clusters using their respective InternallP addresses.
# The network infrastructure between the clusters enables inter-cluster communication.
# Cluster A runs Kubernetes version 1.28, and Cluster B runs Kubernetes version 1.27.
# Cilium versions also differ, with Cluster A using version 1.14 and Cluster B using version 1.13.
# Both clusters share the same cluster name and cluster ID.
# The Cilium certificate authority differs between Cluster A and Cluster B.
Is it possible to create a cluster mesh given the conditions?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A Cluster Mesh can be created after assigning each cluster a unique name and numeric cluster ID. Cilium uses the cluster ID when constructing Cluster Mesh security identities, so duplicate values cannot safely identify endpoints from different clusters. The name must likewise be unique. These values can be changed after installation, although all existing workloads must then be restarted so their security identities are regenerated.
The other listed conditions are compatible. Both clusters use the same encapsulation datapath mode, their PodCIDRs are intended to be non-overlapping, and the nodes possess the required inter-cluster connectivity.
Different Kubernetes patch or minor versions do not inherently prevent Cluster Mesh. Cilium versions may differ by one minor release, so versions 1.14 and 1.13 satisfy the documented compatibility rule.
Different certificate authorities are not an irreversible blocker under current documentation. Every cluster must trust certificates presented by the others. Operators may use a shared root CA or configure a CA bundle containing all trusted CA certificates. Consequently, B is too absolute. C is also false because changing the cluster identity is possible, subject to workload restarts. D is unnecessary because a one-minor Cilium difference is supported.
The source's option A is truncated, but its intended corrective action is technically accurate.
Official references
Setting up Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which statement is true of both the Ingress Controller and Gateway API?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Both Kubernetes Ingress and the north-south use of Gateway API provide declarative Layer 7 routing from clients outside the cluster to Kubernetes workloads. They express host- and path-based routing through Kubernetes resources and can be implemented by controllers such as Cilium's Envoy-based ingress implementation. A therefore captures their shared purpose most accurately.
The remaining choices describe differences rather than universal similarities. Gateway API is explicitly role- oriented: infrastructure administrators manage GatewayClass and often Gateway , while application owners manage route resources such as HTTPRoute . The Ingress API does not provide the same formal separation of administrative and application-facing resources, making C unsuitable as a statement about both.
Implementation-specific annotations are historically common with Ingress because its core API is limited.
Gateway API was deliberately designed with more expressive, portable resource fields so that implementations do not need to depend as heavily on vendor-specific annotations; D is consequently not true of both. Namespace behavior also differs because Gateway API provides controlled cross-namespace attachment and reference mechanisms. B is therefore not the defining common capability.
Official references
Cilium Kubernetes Ingress Support , Cilium Gateway API Support , Migrating from Ingress to Gateway API Study Guide topic: Kubernetes north-south routing, Ingress, and Gateway API.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 26
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