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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Algorithms & Complexity | 25% | - Recursion and iterative structures - Sorting and searching algorithms - Big O notation, time and space complexity - Algorithm design and analysis |
| Data Structures | 20% | - Primitive and composite data types - Data storage and retrieval principles - Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues - Trees, graphs, hash tables |
| Software Engineering & Programming Basics | 15% | - Programming paradigms - Basic syntax and control structures - Testing and debugging fundamentals - Software development lifecycle |
| Computer Architecture & Organization | 15% | - Von Neumann architecture - Memory hierarchy and performance - CPU, memory, I/O systems - Instruction sets and execution cycles |
| Discrete Mathematics & Logic | 25% | - Set theory, relations, functions - Proof techniques and mathematical induction - Boolean algebra and digital logic - Propositional and predicate logic |
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質問 # 51
Which aspect is excluded from a NumPy array's structure?
正解：C
解説：
A NumPy ndarray is designed for efficient numerical computing, and its structure is defined by metadata required to interpret a contiguous (or strided) block of memory as an n-dimensional array. Textbooks and NumPy's own conceptual model describe key components such as: adata buffer(where the raw bytes live), a data pointer(reference to the start of that buffer), thedtype(which specifies how to interpret each element's bytes-e.g., int32, float64), theshape(the size in each dimension), andstrides(how many bytes to step in memory to move along each dimension). Together, these allow fast indexing, slicing, and vectorized operations without Python-level loops.
Options A, B, and C are all part of what an array must track to function correctly: the array must know where its data is, how it is laid out (shape/strides), and how to interpret bytes (dtype). In contrast, anencryption key is not a concept that belongs to the internal representation of a numerical array. Encryption is a security mechanism applied at storage or transport layers (for example, encrypting a file on disk or encrypting data sent over a network), not something built into the in-memory structure of a NumPy array object.
Therefore, the aspect excluded from a NumPy array's structure is the encryption key.
質問 # 52
Which statement describes the data type restriction found in most NumPy arrays?
正解：A
解説：
Most NumPy arrays enforce a key constraint: all elements share the samedtype(data type). This uniform typing is foundational to NumPy's performance model. Because each element has the same size and representation, NumPy can store the array in a contiguous memory block and apply low-level, vectorized operations efficiently. This is why NumPy is widely used for numerical computing, statistics, and data analysis: operations like addition, multiplication, and reductions (sum/mean) can be implemented in optimized compiled code without per-element Python overhead.
Option B captures this textbook principle: elements in a typical ndarray are of the same data type. The other options are incorrect. NumPy is not restricted to strings (A), and it is not limited to integers (C); it supports floats, complex numbers, booleans, fixed-width strings, datetime types, and many others. Option D is misleading: NumPy does not continuously "adapt on the fly" during normal use. The dtype is generally fixed once the array exists. What NumPydoesdo is choose an appropriate common dtype when you create an array from mixed inputs (for example, mixing ints and floats yields floats). But after creation, assignments are cast into the existing dtype rather than dynamically changing the dtype to accommodate new values.
This restriction is precisely what differentiates NumPy arrays from Python lists and enables predictable memory layout and fast numerical computation.
質問 # 53
Which brand of Type 1 hypervisor is commonly used to create virtual machines?
正解：A
解説：
AType 1 hypervisor, also called abare-metal hypervisor, runs directly on the host machine's hardware rather than on top of a general-purpose operating system. This design is widely described in virtualization textbooks because it improves performance and isolation: the hypervisor controls CPU scheduling, memory management, and I/O virtualization with minimal overhead from an intermediate OS layer. Type 1 hypervisors are therefore common in servers and data centers.
Among the options,VMware ESXiis the well-known Type 1 hypervisor product. It is installed directly onto physical server hardware and provides the virtualization layer used to run multiple virtual machines. In contrast, Parallels Desktop, VirtualBox, and VMware Workstation are typically categorized asType 2 hypervisors, meaning they run as applications on top of a host operating system like Windows, macOS, or Linux. Type 2 hypervisors are excellent for desktops, development, testing, and learning, but they generally rely on the host OS for device drivers and resource management, which can add overhead.
This distinction matters in practice: data centers favor Type 1 hypervisors for efficiency, centralized management, and robust isolation between workloads. Desktop users often choose Type 2 hypervisors for convenience and easier installation. Therefore, the commonly used Type 1 hypervisor brand listed here is VMware ESXi.
質問 # 54
How does the data type of a variable get set in Python?
正解：C
解説：
Python usesdynamic typing, a core concept emphasized in programming language textbooks. In dynamically typed languages, a variable name does not permanently "own" a type. Instead, theobjectcreated by an expression has a type, and the variable becomes a reference to that object. Therefore, the type associated with a variable at any moment is determined by the value assigned to it. For example, after x = 7, x refers to an integer object. After x = "seven", the same name now refers to a string object. The type changes because the binding changes, not because the variable's type declaration was edited.
Option A describesstatic typingsystems (common in languages like Java, C, or C++), where programmers declare types and compilers enforce them. Python does not require such declarations for ordinary variables.
Option B is incorrect because type assignment is deterministic, not random. Option C is incorrect because Python does not default variables to strings; it assigns whatever type results from the right-hand-side expression.
This model is closely tied to Python's runtime behavior: type checks occur during execution, and functions can accept values of different types as long as the operations used are valid (often discussed as
"duck typing"). This flexibility supports rapid development, but also motivates careful testing and, in larger systems, optional type hints for documentation and tool support.
質問 # 55
Which type of files are meant to be inaccessible to standard users, but can be critical in terms of functionality?
正解：D
解説：
Operating systems contain many files that are essential for booting, hardware support, security enforcement, and core services. These are generally referred to assystem files. Textbooks explain that system files are often protected by permissions and special attributes because accidental modification or deletion could destabilize the OS, break device drivers, prevent applications from running, or even stop the machine from booting.
Therefore, standard (non-administrator) users are typically restricted from accessing or altering them, and the OS may hide them by default to reduce the risk of user error.
Examples include kernel-related components, shared libraries, driver files, configuration databases, and critical service executables. Modern OS designs enforce protection through user accounts, access control lists, and privilege separation. This ensures only trusted processes and administrators can change system-critical components.
Log files record events and are sometimes protected, but many logs are readable by users or administrators depending on policy; they are not necessarily "meant to be inaccessible" in the same strict sense. Backup files are important for recovery but are not inherently system-critical for day-to-day operation, and their accessibility depends on organizational policy. "Extension files" is not a standard category; file extensions describe formats rather than a protected functional class.
Thus, the files intended to be inaccessible to standard users yet critical for functionality are system files, reflecting core OS security principles such as least privilege and integrity protection.
質問 # 56
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