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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Industrial Network and System Security | - Network segmentation and architecture security - Asset identification and protection |
| ISA/IEC 62443 Framework Overview | - Structure and purpose of IEC 62443 standards - Key terminology and concepts (zones, conduits, security levels) |
| Introduction to Industrial Cybersecurity | - Fundamentals of cybersecurity in industrial environments - Overview of IT vs OT security concepts |
| Risk and Security Management | - Security lifecycle management in industrial systems - Risk assessment principles |
| Policies, Procedures, and Governance | - Compliance and governance considerations - Security policies for industrial control systems |
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NEW QUESTION # 19
What is OPC?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which of the following is a cause for the increase in attacks on IACS?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
One of the reasons for the increase in attacks on IACS is the availability of information and tools that can be used to exploit vulnerabilities in these systems. The Internet provides a platform for hackers, researchers, and activists to share their knowledge and techniques for compromising IACS. Some examples of such information and tools are:
* Stuxnet: A sophisticated malware that targeted the Iranian nuclear program in 2010. It exploited four zero-day vulnerabilities in Windows and Siemens software to infect and manipulate the programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that controlled the centrifuges. Stuxnet was widely analyzed and reported by the media and security experts, and its source code was leaked online1.
* Metasploit: A popular penetration testing framework that contains modules for exploiting various IACS components and protocols. For instance, Metasploit includes modules for attacking Modbus, DNP3, OPC, and Siemens S7 devices2.
* Shodan: A search engine that allows users to find devices connected to the Internet, such as webcams, routers, printers, and IACS components. Shodan can reveal the location, model, firmware, and
* configuration of these devices, which can be used by attackers to identify potential targets and vulnerabilities3.
* ICS-CERT: A website that provides alerts, advisories, and reports on IACS security issues and incidents. ICS-CERT also publishes vulnerability notes and mitigation recommendations for various IACS products and vendors4. These sources of information and tools can be useful for legitimate purposes, such as security testing, research, and education, but they can also be misused by malicious actors who want to disrupt, damage, or steal from IACS. Therefore, IACS owners and operators should be aware of the threats and risks posed by the Internet and implement appropriate security measures to protect their systems. References:
* The increase in attacks on Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) can be attributed to several factors, including: A.Use of proprietary communications protocols:These can pose security risks because they may not have been designed with security in mind and are often not as well-tested against security threats as more standard protocols. C.Knowledge of exploits and tools readily available on the Internet:The availability of information about vulnerabilities and exploits on the internet has made it easier for attackers to target IACS.
* The other options, B and D, are incorrect because: B. The move towards commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) systems, protocols, and networks actually increases risk because these systems are more likely to be known and targeted by attackers, compared to proprietary systems which might benefit from security through obscurity. D. There is actually an increase in risk with more personnel with system knowledge because it enlarges the attack surface - each individual with system knowledge can potentially become a vector for an attack, either maliciously or accidentally.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which is a commonly used protocol for managing secure data transmission on the Internet?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) are both commonly used protocols for managing secure data transmission on the Internet. DTLS is a variant of SSL that is designed to work over datagram protocols such as UDP, which are used for real-time applications such as voice and video. SSL is a protocol that provides encryption, authentication, and integrity for data transmitted over TCP, which is used for reliable and ordered delivery of data. Both DTLS and SSL use certificates and asymmetric cryptography to establish a secure session between the communicating parties, and then use symmetric cryptography to encrypt the data exchanged. DTLS and SSL are widely used in web browsers, email clients, VPNs, and other applications that require secure communication over the Internet. References:
ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Industrial Control System, Module 3: Introduction to Cryptography, pages 3-5 to 3-7 Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Control System, Chapter 6: Securing Communications, pages 125-126
NEW QUESTION # 22
What is a key activity in the Maintain phase?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The "Maintain" phase is the fourth phase of the IACS Cybersecurity Lifecycle described in ISA/IEC 62443-2-
1. A key activity in this phase is managing changes (also known as "change management"). This activity ensures that any modifications to the IACS environment (hardware, software, processes, etc.) are evaluated for cybersecurity impact, and proper controls are implemented to maintain the intended security posture.
While risk assessment is typically done in the Assess phase, and allocating assets and designing countermeasures belong to earlier phases, managing changes is essential for ensuring ongoing compliance and effectiveness of cybersecurity controls over time.
Reference: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2009, Section 5.6 (Maintain Phase), Table 3 (CSMS lifecycle activities).
NEW QUESTION # 23
Whose responsibility is it to determine the level of risk an organization is willing to tolerate?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
Answer: B
Explanation:
According to the ISA/IEC 62443 standards, the level of risk an organization is willing to tolerate is determined by the management, as they are responsible for defining the business and risk objectives, as well as the security policies and procedures for the organization. The management also has the authority to allocate the necessary resources and assign the roles and responsibilities for implementing and maintaining the security program. The legal, operations, and safety departments may provide input and feedback to the management, but they do not have the final say in determining the risk tolerance level. References: ISA/IEC
62443-2-1:2010 - Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program, section 4.2.1.
NEW QUESTION # 24
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