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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Controlled substance management - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Physical examination, patient assessment - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Image quality assessment and documentation |
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Practice management, team collaboration - Client education, communication techniques |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Periodontal care and patient education |
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NEW QUESTION # 973
A 4-year-old DSH indoor/outdoor cat was brought in after unexpectedly being found deceased at home. They have five indoor/outdoor cats, and this is the third to have passed in the past three months. They are convinced that a neighbor is purposely poisoning neighborhood cats, and they are requesting a necropsy. You asked if there were any indications of illness and if he showed any clinical signs before death. Initially, the owners replied with an emphatic no. Still, their six-year-old son stated that he thought the cat was sleepier than usual and hadn't wanted to go outside the past few days. They report that his breathing and appetite were normal. The owner asks about the necropsy and what happens from here. You explain the process and that the veterinarian will call with any findings and may request additional testing, such as cultures or histopathology, depending on the findings. The owners agree to the necropsy fee and understand further fees/testing may be required, which they can authorize over the phone. They request private cremation and a paw print after the necropsy. In this patient, the owners want to identify the cause of death and suspect a toxicity or something malicious on the part of the neighbor. Necropsies may also be performed for other reasons.
All of the following are indications for necropsy, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
While determining if an infectious etiology caused an animal's death is important in multi-animal households, catteries, shelters, and related situations, once the body is frozen, this produces artifacts that make evaluation difficult to interpret and may result in an inconclusive necropsy. While it can be performed, it is not usually indicated after freezing.
Indications include:
1. Determine the cause of death (infectious, toxicity, neoplasia, trauma, metabolic abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, or hereditary/congenital issues). It may be termed idiopathic in nature or a natural death when no reason can be found.
2. Determine the accuracy of a clinical diagnosis.
3. Evaluate both the negative and positive effects of treatment measures.
4. Define the disease process(es) that contributed to death.
5. When more than one animal is at risk, as above, then we also may utilize a necropsy to help identify infectious diseases via tissue sampling, culturing, PCR, and other means. Then, with those results, we can create treatment plans/preventative measures for protecting other animals or may determine that culling/depopulation or other means are necessary to prevent further cases of disease or avert an outbreak.
Sometimes, technicians are permitted to perform or participate in a necropsy. This is a good way for technicians to get an appreciation for tissue handling, suturing, anatomical review, and more.
NEW QUESTION # 974
When helping to develop a pain management plan for a surgery or procedure, you should ask yourself all of the following questions, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
When creating an initial pain management plan, you want to ask yourself several questions to help determine the level of pain control needed, the safety of various drugs in this specific patient, whether sedation and pain management will be required, and how far in advance. You want to assess the procedure being performed and the level of pain it will provide and choose a pain management plan that will appropriately manage the level of pain expected.
You need to know if the patient is high strung, anxious, easily agitated, or aggressive ahead of time and ensure you take that into account in your premedication and post-management of the patient. Finally, if your patient has underlying contraindications for specific drug classes, this must be known upfront. For example, alpha2-agonists would be contraindicated in patients with underlying heart disease.
Treat each patient as the individual they are. While it is nice to have a baseline, knowing what protocols work for what procedures, and what each veterinarian may be most comfortable using, each patient needs their own plan.
NEW QUESTION # 975
Which of the following patients could be a good candidate for subcutaneous fluid therapy?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Cats with chronic renal failure typically have long-term dehydration deficits in their interstitial tissues, as opposed to hypovolemia. These losses can be replaced with subcutaneous fluids to allow for slow rehydration. If a crisis to the kidneys occurs, however, this route of administration will be insufficient and IV fluids will be warranted.
Subcutaneous fluids must be isotonic, so they would not contain the levels of dextrose needed to support a hypoglycemic puppy.
Healthy animals presenting for elective surgery are not dehydrated but may become hypotensive during general anesthesia. IV fluids would match the source of loss.
A colicking horse is in emergency need of fluid therapy, either via nasogastric tube or intravenous routes. It is impractical to give the volume of fluids a horse needs subcutaneously.
NEW QUESTION # 976
Which canine surgical procedure listed below would not be a good candidate to receive epidural anesthesia?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Epidural anesthesia provides excellent short-term pain control for the body regions the nerve supplies. An epidural injection into the epidural space can cover the pelvis, hindlimbs, perineum, and tail. The epidural space exists between the dura and ligamentum flavum, and an epidural enacts local anesthetic effects to the associated spinal root nerves. The most commonly used area for injection is the lumbosacral space.
Epidurals are not used for regions in the central abdomen and cranially due to the risk of ventilation suppression, such as with a forelimb procedure.
NEW QUESTION # 977
Microsurgical instruments, as may be used in small animal exotic surgeries, are designed in various lengths and for use in small spaces. All of the following are further characteristics of microsurgical instruments recommended in small animal exotics, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Small animal exotic surgery often requires working in small areas, with less room to maneuver than is ideal. Tools commonly come in small variable sizes ranging from 4-6 inches long.
Using ergonomic tools and precise movements by using a rolling technique is ideal. Counterbalancing helps enable smooth movements. Using instruments said to be counterbalanced refers to the non-surgical side of the tool being weighted and notched. This aids in creating stability when placed properly between the surgeon's forefinger and thumb.
Use non-locking instruments or instruments with ratchets. These instruments frequently require additional effort and force to open, which can cause insurmountable and needless tissue injury to the animal.
NEW QUESTION # 978
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