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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Topic 2: Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Recovery and emergency management - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring |
| Topic 3: Dentistry | 7% | - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography |
| Topic 4: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Practice management, team collaboration - Client education, communication techniques - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance |
| Topic 5: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Topic 6: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal |
| Topic 7: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Physical examination, patient assessment |
| Topic 8: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Image quality assessment and documentation - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Topic 9: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Topic 10: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
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NEW QUESTION # 535
What red blood cell abnormality is described by macrocytosis, also called macrocythemia?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Macrocytosis is a term for increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), or enlargement of red blood cells (RBCs). Macrocytic red blood cells often result from regenerative anemia.
Pyknosis is a term for shrinking cells. Microcytosis is a condition in which red blood cells are abnormally small. Anisocytosis refers to variable red blood cell sizes.
NEW QUESTION # 536
Part of maintaining professional communication includes the proper use and maintenance of medical records. All of the following are primary functions of medical records, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Functions of medical records fall into primary, or medical care-based, functions and secondary services (business and legal-based components).
Primary functions include:
*Proper identification of the patient and client (pet parent and pet)
*Supports communication among the healthcare team members and the owner
*Provides support and documentation of any diagnostics, procedures (e.g., surgeries) and treatment plans
*Personalizes the veterinary client-patient relationship (VCPR)
*Supports the continuity of care
Secondary functions include:
*Billing verification
*Supports the analysis of the business, including budgeting, staffing, and income
*Supports individual and collective accreditation
*Serves as a legal document in the event of concerns for malpractice, insurance claims, or other purposes
*Supports research by being a possible source for case studies, educational purposes, registries, or databases
NEW QUESTION # 537
If a veterinarian asked for stitch scissors, what action would he most likely be performing?
Answer: A
Explanation:
If a veterinarian asked for stitch scissors, he would most likely be cutting sutures for removal. Stitch scissors, as well as Littauer suture removal scissors, are used for cutting sutures.
Lister scissors are generally used for cutting bandages.
Mayo scissors are generally used for routine dissections, as they are better suited for cutting dense tissue.
Metzenbaum scissors are generally used for delicate dissections of thin muscle or fat tissue.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 1068. Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 528.
NEW QUESTION # 538
Alpha2-adrenergic drugs are sedatives used in small and large animals. All except which of the following alpha2-adrenergic agonists are commonly used in large animal patients?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Dexmedetomidine is an alpha2-adrenergic drug commonly used in small and exotic animal patients, not large animal patients. There are two concentration formulations depending on the weight of the dog or cat.
Xylazine, detomidine, and romifidine are all alpha2-adrenergic drugs commonly used in large animal patients to provide sedation. Xylazine is available in short-acting (20 mg/mL) and long-acting (100 mg/mL) concentrations.
NEW QUESTION # 539
You are discharging two pets to the same owner. A three-year-old now-neutered Labrador, recently adopted, and a one-year-old now-spayed Maine Coon. The owner has questions about the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain meds (NSAIDs) sent home, the purpose, and why the side effects may occur. The dog will be going home with an e-collar, gabapentin, and Rimadyl. The cat will be going home with three days of Onsior. At discharge, he received an injection for pain, buprenorphine, and is eating well and acting like himself post-operatively. In addition to discussing exercise restrictions, licking prevention, and incision monitoring, you go over the NSAIDs.
What most common side effects do you tell the owner to watch for in the dog, and what mediates these side effects?
Answer: B
Explanation:
NSAIDs remain a critical part of pain management for dogs and cats. Both acute and chronic pain can benefit from NSAID administration. However, patients must have normal kidney and liver function, and the medications benefit from being given with food. If a patient is not eating, they can become dehydrated. Thus, the drug should not be administered, or it can lead to dehydration and decreased renal blood flow.
NSAIDs work by blocking one or more key enzymes (cyclooxygenase 1 or 2) or as a receptor antagonist (Galiprant) in the pathway that creates prostaglandins. Prostaglandins have numerous benefits and purposes, including roles in:
*Renal blood flow regulation
*Inflammation (PGE): The type of prostaglandin in which NSAIDs exert their positive benefits by blocking inflammation
*Corpus luteum luteolysis (PGF2alpha)
*Gastric mucosal protection
*Blood clot formation
NSAIDs can help with decreasing inflammation, lowering fevers, and providing pain management. It is pivotal to inform owners that it is not just a NSAID but also a pain medication. For some reason, this component is often left out when educating clients.
When we administer an NSAID, we block the development of inflammation. We, in fact, block the formation of prostaglandins from forming. As a result, we can see positive effects (decreased pain and inflammation) and negative effects in dehydrated animals or animals with underlying diseases such as kidney disease.
Remember to tell owners to give medication as prescribed. Many do not appreciate signs of pain and stop the meds too quickly. However, pain delays healing, and thus, meds should be given for the duration prescribed unless unsavory side effects develop. Ensure the owner knows to contact the veterinarian as soon as any side effects occur and discontinue the medication.
GI upset (vomiting and/or diarrhea) paired with prostaglandin F2alpha is incorrect because, while the side effects are correct, the PGF2alpha works on the female reproductive tract, not the GI tract, and would not cause these effects.
Leuteolysis, prostaglandin F2alpha is incorrect because this refers to the effects of that specific prostaglandin on reproduction. It is the correct pairing of effect and prostaglandin but does not pertain to NSAIDs.
The option for increased renal blood flow with prostaglandins is incorrect because prostaglandins produced in the kidney (several types work in the kidneys) have protective effects. They work to increase blood flow to the kidneys when necessary. By blocking the production of these hormone-like substances, we actually decrease blow flow to the kidneys.
NEW QUESTION # 540
......
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