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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Data & Security Basics | - Data Handling
|
| Operating Systems & Architecture | - System Architecture
|
| Computer Science Fundamentals | - Data Structures Introduction
|
| Programming Foundations | - Programming Concepts
|
>> Foundations-of-Computer-Science시험대비 덤프 최신 샘플문제 <<
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질문 # 47
What is a key advantage of using NumPy when handling large datasets?
정답：A
설명：
NumPy's key advantage for large datasets isefficient storage and fast computation. Unlike Python lists, which store references to objects and can have per-element overhead, NumPy arrays store data in a compact, homogeneous format (single dtype) in contiguous or strided memory. This reduces memory usage and improves cache locality, which is crucial for performance on large arrays. Additionally, NumPy operations are vectorized: many computations run in optimized compiled code rather than interpreted Python loops. This enables large speedups for arithmetic, linear algebra, statistics, and transformations over entire arrays.
Option A is incorrect because NumPy itself does not provide full machine learning algorithms; those are typically found in libraries like scikit-learn, though they build on NumPy. Option B is incorrect because NumPy does not automatically clean data; data cleaning is usually done with pandas or custom logic. Option D is incorrect because interactive visualizations are typically handled by libraries like matplotlib, seaborn, or plotly, not by NumPy.
Textbooks in scientific computing highlight that NumPy forms the computational foundation of the Python data ecosystem. Its array model supports broadcasting, slicing, and efficient aggregations, all of which are essential when working with millions of numeric values. By combining compact memory layout with compiled numerical kernels, NumPy enables scalable analysis and simulation workloads that would be slow or memory-heavy using pure Python lists.
질문 # 48
How can someone subset the last two rows and columns of a 2D NumPy array?
정답：D
설명：
NumPy slicing uses the same start/stop rules as Python sequences, and it also supports negative indices to count from the end. In a 2D array, slicing is written as array[rows, columns]. To get thelast two rows, you use
-2: in the row position, meaning "start two rows from the end and go to the end." Similarly, to get thelast two columns, you use -2: in the column position. Combining these gives array[-2:, -2:], which selects the bottom- right 2×2 subarray.
Option A, array[-2:, :], selects the last two rows butall columns, so it is not restricted to the last two columns.
Option D, array[:, -2:], selects all rows but only the last two columns. Option B, array[-1:, -1:], selects only the last row and the last column, producing a 1×1 (or 1×1 view) subarray, not a 2×2.
This kind of slicing is widely taught because it is essential for matrix operations, extracting submatrices, working with sliding windows, and manipulating image or time-series data where "take the last k observations/features" is common. Negative indexing reduces errors and makes code clearer, especially compared with computing explicit indices like array[rows-2:rows, cols-2:cols].
질문 # 49
What is the first step in the selection sort algorithm?
정답：A
설명：
Selection sort works by growing a sorted portion of the list one element at a time. The algorithm conceptually divides the array into two regions: asorted prefixon the left and anunsorted suffixon the right. At the beginning, the sorted prefix is empty and the entire list is unsorted. The first step is to consider position 0 as the target location for the smallest element. The algorithm scans the unsorted region (initially the whole list) to find the smallest valueand records its index. That action is exactly what option C describes: determine the lowest value starting from the first position.
After identifying the minimum element, selection sort swaps it into position 0 (if it isn't already there). Then it repeats the process for position 1, scanning the remaining unsorted suffix to find the next smallest element, swapping it into place, and so on. Textbooks emphasize that the key characteristic of selection sort is the repeated "select min (or max) from unsorted region and place it into the sorted region." Option A is not the standard first step; finding both min and max is unnecessary. Option B describes an unrelated swap that doesn't ensure progress toward sorting. Option D is not a "first step" but rather a different ordering goal; selection sort can be adapted for descending order, but the canonical version begins by selecting the minimum for the first position.
질문 # 50
How is the NumPy package imported into a Python session?
정답：D
설명：
In Python, external libraries are brought into a program using the import statement. NumPy, which provides the ndarray type and a large collection of numerical computing functions, is conventionally imported with an alias for convenience. The standard and widely taught pattern is import numpy as np. This imports the numpy module and binds it to the shorter name np, making code more readable and reducing repeated typing, especially in mathematical expressions such as np.array(...), np.mean(...), or np.dot(...).
Option A is incorrect because the module name is numpy, not num_py. Options C and D resemble syntax from other languages (for example, "using" in C# or "include" in C/C++), but they are not valid Python import mechanisms. Python's module system is based on imports, and the aliasing feature (as np) is built into the import statement.
Textbooks also emphasize that importing a package requires that it be installed in the active Python environment. If NumPy is not installed, import numpy as np will raise an ImportError (or ModuleNotFoundError in modern Python). Once imported, the alias np is used consistently in scientific computing materials, notebooks, and professional data analysis codebases, which is why this option is considered the correct and expected answer.
질문 # 51
What happens if you try to create a NumPy array with different types?
정답：C
설명：
When NumPy constructs an ndarray, it chooses a single data type called the dtype for the entire array. This is a defining feature of NumPy arrays: unlike Python lists, which can hold mixed object types freely, a NumPy array is designed for efficient numerical computation by storing values in a uniform, contiguous representation. Therefore, if you provide mixed types at creation time, NumPy will select a dtype that can represent all provided values and will convert elements as needed.
This process is commonly described as type promotion or coercion to a common type. For example, mixing integers and floats produces a float array because floats can represent integers without loss of generality.
Mixing numbers and strings often results in a string dtype (or, in some cases, an object dtype), because numbers can be converted to their string representations. Once the dtype is chosen, the array behaves consistently under vectorized operations appropriate for that dtype.
Option B correctly summarizes this textbook behavior: the array will contain a single type, converting all elements to that type. Option A is too absolute-many mixed-type arrays still support calculations depending on the resulting dtype. Option C is vague and misses the crucial fact that conversion occurs. Option D is not how NumPy works; it never automatically splits inputs into multiple arrays by type.
Understanding dtype coercion matters because it affects memory usage, performance, and whether numerical operations behave as expected.
질문 # 52
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