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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Dentistry | - Oral anatomy and disease recognition - Dental prophylaxis procedures |
| Pharmacology | - Dosage calculations and administration - Drug classifications and uses |
| Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Animal Care and Nursing | - Nutrition and husbandry - Patient handling and restraint |
| Surgical Nursing | - Preoperative and postoperative care - Sterile technique and instrumentation |
| Laboratory Procedures | - Urinalysis and microbiology - Hematology and clinical pathology |
| Anesthesia | - Anesthetic protocols and equipment - Anesthetic monitoring |
| Diagnostic Imaging | - Radiography positioning and safety - Image processing and interpretation basics |
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
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NEW QUESTION # 951
A 9-kg dog was hospitalized for seizures overnight. He received a total volume of 3 mL (4 total injections) of diazepam (5mg/mL) to control the seizures during his 24-hour stay.
What was the total mg/kg dose received in that 24-hour period?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Calculate the mg administered from the mL: 3 mL x (5 mg/mL) = 15 mg
Divide dose by weight to calculate dosage: 15 mg / 9 kg = 1.67 mg/kg total administered
NEW QUESTION # 952
What is extra-label drug use?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Extra-label drug use, sometimes referred to as "off-label drug use", is the use of a drug in ways other than those listed on an FDA-approved label. This could include use for a different species, other disease states, different dosages, or even another mode of administration. Extra-label drug use is often advantageous, even necessary. It allows veterinarians to use medications in ways that have not yet been thoroughly tested or approved for a specific species, but may still be helpful. This practice is regulated by the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act and is not permitted in food-producing animals.
The administration of several medications in combination could involve extra-label use of one or more of the drugs. However, generally, extra-label use refers to the administration of one drug. The use of drugs that have not been approved by the FDA is incorrect because extra-label drug use involves an FDA-approved drug, but it is used in a manner not listed on the FDA-approved label. The compounding of a number of substances to arrive at a single therapeutic compound otherwise unavailable is incorrect because extra-label drug use does not require the compounding of several substances.
NEW QUESTION # 953
Which of the following species is least frequently affected by dietary deficiencies?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Snakes have a low prevalence of dietary deficiencies because they eat a whole animal diet. This type of diet provides a wide range of nutrients, which also decreases snakes' need for UVB light.
Lizards, turtles, and crocodilians have a high prevalence of dietary deficiencies due to mismanagement and poor husbandry. These patients generally have low intakes of calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D3, and high intakes of phosphorus.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 779.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 393.
NEW QUESTION # 954
You are discharging two pets to the same owner. A three-year-old now-neutered Labrador, recently adopted, and a one-year-old now-spayed Maine Coon. The owner has questions about the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain meds (NSAIDs) sent home, the purpose, and why the side effects may occur. The dog will be going home with an e-collar, gabapentin, and Rimadyl. The cat will be going home with three days of Onsior. At discharge, he received an injection for pain, buprenorphine, and is eating well and acting like himself post-operatively. In addition to discussing exercise restrictions, licking prevention, and incision monitoring, you go over the NSAIDs.
What most common side effects do you tell the owner to watch for in the dog, and what mediates these side effects?
Answer: A
Explanation:
NSAIDs remain a critical part of pain management for dogs and cats. Both acute and chronic pain can benefit from NSAID administration. However, patients must have normal kidney and liver function, and the medications benefit from being given with food. If a patient is not eating, they can become dehydrated. Thus, the drug should not be administered, or it can lead to dehydration and decreased renal blood flow.
NSAIDs work by blocking one or more key enzymes (cyclooxygenase 1 or 2) or as a receptor antagonist (Galiprant) in the pathway that creates prostaglandins. Prostaglandins have numerous benefits and purposes, including roles in:
*Renal blood flow regulation
*Inflammation (PGE): The type of prostaglandin in which NSAIDs exert their positive benefits by blocking inflammation
*Corpus luteum luteolysis (PGF2alpha)
*Gastric mucosal protection
*Blood clot formation
NSAIDs can help with decreasing inflammation, lowering fevers, and providing pain management. It is pivotal to inform owners that it is not just a NSAID but also a pain medication. For some reason, this component is often left out when educating clients.
When we administer an NSAID, we block the development of inflammation. We, in fact, block the formation of prostaglandins from forming. As a result, we can see positive effects (decreased pain and inflammation) and negative effects in dehydrated animals or animals with underlying diseases such as kidney disease.
Remember to tell owners to give medication as prescribed. Many do not appreciate signs of pain and stop the meds too quickly. However, pain delays healing, and thus, meds should be given for the duration prescribed unless unsavory side effects develop. Ensure the owner knows to contact the veterinarian as soon as any side effects occur and discontinue the medication.
GI upset (vomiting and/or diarrhea) paired with prostaglandin F2alpha is incorrect because, while the side effects are correct, the PGF2alpha works on the female reproductive tract, not the GI tract, and would not cause these effects.
Leuteolysis, prostaglandin F2alpha is incorrect because this refers to the effects of that specific prostaglandin on reproduction. It is the correct pairing of effect and prostaglandin but does not pertain to NSAIDs.
The option for increased renal blood flow with prostaglandins is incorrect because prostaglandins produced in the kidney (several types work in the kidneys) have protective effects. They work to increase blood flow to the kidneys when necessary. By blocking the production of these hormone-like substances, we actually decrease blow flow to the kidneys.
NEW QUESTION # 955
You are trying to discharge a post-op foreign body surgery patient. However, the client is being rude and difficult, keeps taking phone calls, and is inattentive. You know how important it is for the client to have the written discharges, but more so, to also hear the key points about post-op care so that you can document that you have provided XYZ information. Since only about 1/3 of what is heard is retained, the client will have heard it, listened to it read to him, and have the paper to read as well (if he so chooses).
All of the following are true about your interactions with this client, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
This client is being very disrespectful. Sadly, it happens all too often. However, you want to nicely request that the client pay attention, as what you say is important for the pet's health and well-being.
Once you have the client's full attention and he is engaging with you, if he is an active listener, he will respond to you in a way that shows understanding or a desire to have a mutual understanding of the knowledge you are presenting.
It would be best if you did not take personally how the client interacts with you. Your job is valuable and important. They could be dealing with work, be very busy, not be the true owner of the pet and simply picking up the pet for the main caregiver, etc. Do not judge, and do not take their actions personally.
Despite the client's behavior, remain empathetic. To do so, listen to any questions or concerns, respond politely without using words such as "like" or "but", and confirm the client's understanding of your directions nicely. You show that you care by actively listening, engaging your audience, and acknowledging the client's questions and concerns.
Regardless of how the conversation goes, make sure you document what you told the client, what they asked, how you replied, and any other pertinent information in the legal medical record. This covers you in the case of any concerns (legal or otherwise) and shows what was discussed and that you had difficulty relaying information due to the client's disposition.
NEW QUESTION # 956
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