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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| System Hardening | 10% | - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Minimize OS attack surface - Least privilege IAM - Network access control |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Container immutability - Threat detection (Falco) - Behavioral analytics - Incident investigation - Audit log configuration |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API access restriction - RBAC configuration - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - Service account security |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Permitted registries - Signed artifacts & verification - Image security & scanning - Static analysis tools - SBOM & CI/CD security |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Secret management - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation - Security contexts - Isolation & multi-tenancy - Pod Security Standards |
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Secure Ingress configuration - CIS benchmark compliance - Network security policies - Binary verification - Node metadata protection |
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NEW QUESTION # 12
SIMULATION
Context
This cluster uses containerd as CRI runtime.
Containerd's default runtime handler is runc. Containerd has been prepared to support an additional runtime handler, runsc (gVisor).
Task
Create a RuntimeClass named sandboxed using the prepared runtime handler named runsc.
Update all Pods in the namespace server to run on gVisor.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 13
You are deploying a critical application on your Kubernetes cluster. You want to ensure that only certified and trusted container images are allowed to be deployed- How can you implement an Image Signature Verification process to ensure that all images pulled from your Docker registry are signed with a trusted key?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Generate Key Pair: Generate a public and private key pair for signing container images.
bash
openssl genrsa -out private-key 2048
openssl rsa -pubout -in private-key -out public-key
2. Sign Container Image: use the private key to sign the container image-
bash
docker build -t my-app:latest
cosign Sign --key private.key my-app:latest
3. Push Signed Image: Push the signed image to your Docker registry.
bash
docker push my-app:latest
4. Configure Kubernetes Image Policy: Configure a Kubernetes ImagePolicyWebhook using a tool like Admission Webhook Controller to enforce image signature verification. The webhook can be configured to check for the presence of a valid signature using the public key and to reject images without a valid signature.
5. Deploy Image Policy Webhook: Deploy the ImagePolicyWebhook configuration using 'kubectl apply -f image-policy-webhook.yamr 6. Test Image Signature Verificatiom Create a new Deployment using an unsigned image. The deployment should be rejected by the webhook.
Note: This is a basic example. You can configure more advanced image signature verification policies based on your security needs and requirements. For example, you can enforce specific image signing policies, use multiple keys, and configure different failure policies.
NEW QUESTION # 14
Your Kubernetes cluster utilizes a container registry hosted on-premise. You want to implement a mechanism to automatically scan images stored in this registry for known vulnerabilities before they are deployed to the cluster. Describe the steps involved in setting up this vulnerability scanning process.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Choose a Vulnerability Scanner: Select a suitable vulnerability scanner that integrates with your on-premise container registry_ Some popular options include Anchoret Clair, and Trivy.
2. Integrate the Scanner: Configure the chosen scanner to access your on-premise container registry. This might involve providing credentials or setting up network access.
3. Configure Scanning Triggers: Set up triggers within your container registry or CI/CD pipeline that initiate a vulnerability scan whenever a new image is pushed to the registry.
4. Define Scan Policies: Establish scan policies that define the severity levels of vulnerabilities to be flagged and the actions to be taken (e.g., block deployment, send notifications).
5. Integrate with Kubernetes: Integrate the vulnerability scanner with your Kubernetes cluster. This might involve using a Kubemetes admission controller or writing custom scripts to prevent deployments with vulnerable images.
6. Test and Validate: Test the vulnerability scanning process by pushing a known vulnerable image to your registry and verifying that it is flagged and blocked from deployment.
NEW QUESTION # 15
Create a Pod name Nginx-pod inside the namespace testing, Create a service for the Nginx-pod named nginx-svc, using the ingress of your choice, run the ingress on tls, secure port.
Answer:
Explanation:
$ kubectl get ing -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource>
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
cafe-ingress cafe.com 10.0.2.15 80 25s
$ kubectl describe ing <ingress-resource-name> -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource> Name: cafe-ingress Namespace: default Address: 10.0.2.15 Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (172.17.0.5:8080) Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
cafe.com
/tea tea-svc:80 (<none>)
/coffee coffee-svc:80 (<none>)
Annotations:
kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: {"apiVersion":"networking.k8s.io/v1","kind":"Ingress","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"cafe-ingress","namespace":"default","selfLink":"/apis/networking/v1/namespaces/default/ingresses/cafe-ingress"},"spec":{"rules":[{"host":"cafe.com","http":{"paths":[{"backend":{"serviceName":"tea-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/tea"},{"backend":{"serviceName":"coffee-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/coffee"}]}}]},"status":{"loadBalancer":{"ingress":[{"ip":"169.48.142.110"}]}}} Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal CREATE 1m ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
Normal UPDATE 58s ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
$ kubectl get pods -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller>
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j 1/1 Running 0 1m
$ kubectl logs -n <namespace> ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NGINX Ingress controller Release: 0.14.0 Build: git-734361d Repository: https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
....
NEW QUESTION # 16
SIMULATION
Documentation Upgrading kubeadm clusters
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000034
Context
The kubeadm provisioned cluster was recently upgraded, leaving one node on a slightly older version due to workload compatibility concerns.
Task
Upgrade the cluster node compute-0 to match the version of the control plane node.
Use a command like the following to connect to the compute node:
[candidate@cks000034] $ ssh compute-0
Do not modify any running workloads in the cluster.
Do not forget to exit from the compute node once you have completed your tasks:
[candidate@icompute-e] $ exit
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
Below is the CKS / CKA exam-style, exact step-by-step solution for Upgrading a kubeadm worker node.
Follow in order, type exact commands, no extra actions.
QUESTION - Upgrade node compute-0 (EXAM MODE)
1) Connect to the correct host (control plane)
ssh cks000034
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) Identify the control plane Kubernetes version
This is the target version for compute-0.
kubectl get nodes
Example output:
NAME STATUS ROLES VERSION
control-plane Ready control-plane v1.27.4
compute-0 Ready <none> v1.26.6
Note the control-plane version
Example: v1.27.4
3) Drain the compute node (do NOT modify workloads manually)
kubectl drain compute-0 --ignore-daemonsets --delete-emptydir-data
Wait until drain completes successfully.
4) SSH into the compute node
ssh compute-0
sudo -i
5) Check current kubeadm version on compute node
kubeadm version
6) Upgrade kubeadm to match control plane version
Replace 1.27.4 with the exact control-plane version you observed.
apt-get update
apt-get install -y kubeadm=1.27.4-00
Verify:
kubeadm version
7) Run kubeadm upgrade for the node
kubeadm upgrade node
β
This updates node-specific configs (NO workloads touched).
8) Upgrade kubelet and kubectl to the same version
apt-get install -y kubelet=1.27.4-00 kubectl=1.27.4-00
9) Restart kubelet
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet
systemctl status kubelet --no-pager
10) Exit the compute node (IMPORTANT)
exit
11) Uncordon the compute node (back on control plane)
kubectl uncordon compute-0
12) Final verification
kubectl get nodes
Expected:
NAME STATUS VERSION
compute-0 Ready v1.27.4
NEW QUESTION # 17
......
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