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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: IEEE 802.11 Regulations and Standards | 15% | - IEEE 802.11 Standards
|
| Topic 2: IEEE 802.11 Protocols and Devices | 20% | - CSMA/CA
|
| Topic 3: IEEE 802.11 Network Security | 15% | - Encryption and Authentication
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| Topic 4: IEEE 802.11 Network Implementation | 20% | - Power over Ethernet (PoE)
|
| Topic 5: Radio Frequency (RF) Technologies | 15% | - RF Mathematics
|
| Topic 6: IEEE 802.11 Network Operations | 15% | - Troubleshooting
|
Die Schulungsunterlagen zur CWNP CWNA-109 Zertifizierungsprüfung bestehen aus Testfragen sowie Antworten, die von den erfahrenen IT-Experten aus ZertSoft durch ihre Praxis und Erforschungen entworfen werden. Die Schulungsunterlagen zur CWNP CWNA-109 Zertifizierungsprüfung sind zur Zeit die genaueste auf dem Markt. Sie können die Demo auf der Webseite ZertSoft.de herunterladen. Sie werden Ihr Helfer sein, während Sie sich auf die CWNP CWNA-109 Zertifizierungsprüfung vorbereiten.
13. Frage
What facts are true regarding controllers and APs in a Split MAC architecture?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
The fact that is true regarding controllers and APs in a Split MAC architecture is that an IP tunnel is established between the AP and controller for AP management and control functions. A Split MAC architecture is a WLAN architecture where some of the MAC layer functions are performed by the APs (such as encryption, decryption, and frame acknowledgement) and some are performed by the controllers (such as authentication, association, roaming, and QoS). To communicate with each other, the APs and controllers establish an IP tunnel that carries the management and control frames between them. The IP tunnel can use protocols such as Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP) or Control And Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP).
14. Frage
You are evaluating access points for use in the 5 GHz frequency band. What PHY supports this band and supports 80 MHz channels?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
VHT stands for Very High Throughput, which is a physical layer (PHY) specification that supports the 5 GHz frequency band and supports 80 MHz channels. VHT is used by the IEEE 802.11ac standard, which is also known as Wi-Fi 5. VHT allows for higher data rates and more spatial streams than the previous HT (High Throughput) PHY, which is used by the IEEE 802.11n standard, also known as Wi-Fi 4. HT supports the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, but only supports up to 40 MHz channels12 The other options are not correct because:
* ERP (option C) stands for Extended Rate PHY, which is a physical layer specification that supports the
2.4 GHz frequency band and supports up to 20 MHz channels. ERP is used by the IEEE 802.11g standard, which is also known as Wi-Fi 3. ERP allows for higher data rates than the previous DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) PHY, which is used by the IEEE 802.11b standard, also known as Wi-Fi 234
* OFDM (option D) stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, which is a modulation technique that divides a signal into multiple subcarriers that are spaced orthogonally to each other.
OFDM is not a physical layer specification, but a common feature of many PHY specifications, including ERP, HT, and VHT. OFDM allows for higher spectral efficiency and robustness against multipath interference than the previous CCK (Complementary Code Keying) modulation technique used by DSSS34
15. Frage
What can an impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors cause?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, which is a measure of how well the impedance of the RF cable and connectors matches the impedance of the transmitter and the antenna. Impedance is the opposition to the flow of alternating current in an RF circuit, and it depends on the frequency, resistance, capacitance, and inductance of the components. A perfect impedance match would have a VSWR of 1:1, meaning that all the power is transferred from the transmitter to the antenna, and none is reflected back. However, in reality, there is always some degree of mismatch, which causes some power to be reflected back to the transmitter, creating standing waves along the cable. This reduces the efficiency and performance of the wireless system, and can also damage the transmitter. Excessive VSWR can be caused by using poor quality or damaged cables and connectors, or by using components that have different impedance ratings123. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 90; CWNA-109Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 86; CWNP website, CWNA Certification.
16. Frage
What feature of 802.1 lax (HE) may impact design decisions related to AP placement and the spacing between same-channel BSS cells (3SAs) because it is designed to reduce overlapping BSS contention?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
In the 802.11ax (High Efficiency, HE) amendment, one of the key features introduced is BSS (Basic Service Set) Coloring. This feature is designed to mitigate issues arising from overlapping BSSs (OBSS), which can lead to contention and interference in dense wireless environments.
BSS Coloring works by:
Assigning a "color" (a small number) to each BSS: This helps devices differentiate between frames from their own BSS and those from neighboring BSSs.
Reducing Inter-BSS Interference: Devices can ignore frames from different BSSs (with a different
"color") under certain conditions, reducing the impact of OBSS interference. Improving Spatial Reuse: By distinguishing between transmissions from different BSSs, devices can make more informed decisions about when to transmit, improving the efficiency of spatial reuse and reducing unnecessary contention.
This feature directly impacts design decisions related to AP placement and the spacing between same-channel BSS cells, as it allows for closer placement of APs on the same channel without significantly increasing interference, thus improving overall network capacity and efficiency. The other options, while features of 802.11ax, do not directly pertain to reducing overlapping BSS contention in the same manner:
TWT (Target Wake Time) optimizes device sleep schedules to conserve power. Uplink MU-MIMO enhances uplink data transmission capabilities but doesn't specifically address OBSS contention.
6 GHz Band Support introduces new spectrum for Wi-Fi use but is not a feature aimed at reducing OBSS contention within the 802.11ax framework.
17. Frage
What is required when operating 802.11ax APS in the 6 GHz band using passphrase-based authentication?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
SAE (Simultaneous Authentication of Equals) is required when operating 802.11ax APs in the 6 GHz band using passphrase-based authentication. SAE is a secure and robust authentication method that is defined in the IEEE 802.11s amendment and is also known as WPA3-Personal or WPA3-SAE. SAE is based on a cryptographic technique called Dragonfly Key Exchange, which allows two parties to establish a shared secret key using a passphrase, without revealing the passphrase or the key to an eavesdropper or an attacker. SAE also provides forward secrecy, which means that if the passphrase or the key is compromised in the future, it does not affect the security of past communications. SAE is required when operating 802.11ax APs in the 6 GHz band using passphrase-based authentication because of the new regulations and standards that apply to this band. The 6 GHz band is a new frequency band that was opened for unlicensed use by the FCC and other regulatory bodies in 2020. The 6 GHz band offers more spectrum and less interference than the existing 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, which can enable higher performance and efficiency for Wi-Fi devices. However, the 6 GHz band also has some restrictions and requirements that are different from the other bands, such as:
The 6 GHz band is divided into two sub-bands: U-NII-5 (5925-6425 MHz) and U-NII-7 (6525-6875 MHz). The U-NII-5 sub-band is subject to DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) rules, which require Wi- Fi devices to monitor and avoid using channels that are occupied by radar systems or other primary users. The U-NII-7 sub-band is not subject to DFS rules, but it has a lower maximum transmit power limit than the U-NII-5 sub-band.
The Wi-Fi devices that operate in the 6 GHz band are called 6E devices, which stands for Extended Spectrum. 6E devices must support 802.11ax technology, which is also known as Wi-Fi
6 or High Efficiency (HE). 802.11ax is a new standard that improves the performance and efficiency of Wi-Fi networks by using features such as OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access), MU- MIMO (Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output), BSS Coloring, TWT (Target Wake Time), and HE PHY and MAC enhancements.
The 6E devices that operate in the 6 GHz band must also support WPA3 security, which is a new security protocol that replaces WPA2 and provides stronger encryption and authentication for Wi- Fi networks. WPA3 has two modes: WPA3-Personal and WPA3-Enterprise. WPA3-Personal uses SAE as its authentication method, which requires a passphrase to establish a secure connection between two devices. WPA3-Enterprise uses EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) as its authentication method, which requires a certificate or a credential to authenticate with a server.
Therefore, SAE is required when operating 802.11ax APs in the 6 GHz band using passphrase- based authentication because it is part of WPA3-Personal security, which is mandatory for 6E devices in this band.
18. Frage
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