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質問 # 51
What is the component of the data-information-knowledge-wisdom DIKW hierarchy that focuses on application?
正解：A
解説：
Knowledge is the DIKW component that focuses on application. In Information Technology, knowledge is often described as information that has been understood, combined with experience, rules, procedures, and context so that it can guide action. While information answers questions like who, what, where, and when, knowledge supports how to do something and how to solve a problem. For example, in infrastructure administration, information could be the list of server performance metrics, while knowledge includes understanding how to interpret those metrics and apply troubleshooting steps to restore normal operation.
Data is raw and unprocessed, and information is processed data that has meaning in context. Wisdom is the highest level and involves judgment about what should be done, including ethical and strategic considerations.
Knowledge sits between information and wisdom and is closely linked with practice, skills, and the ability to apply what is known to real tasks. Therefore, the DIKW level that focuses on application is knowledge.
質問 # 52
Which aspect of the CIA Triad requires that data are correct?
正解：D
解説：
1.Integrity: This principle focuses on maintaining the accuracy and trustworthiness of data. It ensures that data remains unaltered and free from corruption. Key points related to integrity:
oData Accuracy: Integrity ensures that data reflects the true state of information. Any unauthorized changes or alterations are detected and prevented.
oHash Functions: Hash functions are commonly used to verify data integrity. These functions generate a fixed-size hash value (checksum) based on the original data. If any part of the data changes, the hash value will also change, indicating potential tampering.
oDigital Signatures: Digital signatures provide a way to verify the integrity of electronic documents. They use asymmetric encryption to sign data, ensuring that it has not been altered since the signature was applied.
oData Validation: Implementing input validation and proper access controls helps maintain data integrity by preventing unauthorized modifications.
2.Confidentiality and Availability:
oConfidentiality: This principle ensures that only authorized users can access sensitive data. It focuses on keeping information private and restricting access.
oAvailability: Availability ensures that authorized users can access data when needed. It prevents data from being unavailable due to system failures, attacks, or other disruptions.
3.Balancing the Triad:
oWhile all three principles are essential, they can sometimes conflict with each other. For example:
Enhancing confidentiality (e.g., strong encryption) may impact availability (e.g., longer decryption times).
Rigorous integrity checks can affect system performance.
oOrganizations must strike a balance based on their specific security requirements.
References
*CSO Online: The CIA triad: Definition, components, and examples
*Comparitech: What is the CIA triad - confidentiality, integrity, and availability?
*Preventive Approach: CIA Triad: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners
質問 # 53
What is a component of disaster recovery strategies?
正解：B
解説：
Off-site storage is a key component of disaster recovery strategies because it protects critical data from local disasters and facility failures. In Information Technology, disaster recovery focuses on restoring systems, applications, and data after disruptive events such as fires, floods, theft, ransomware, or power failures. If backups are stored only on-site, the same event that damages the primary systems can destroy the backups as well. Off-site storage places backup copies in a physically separate location, reducing the risk of total data loss. It may be implemented through secure tape vaulting, remote backup servers, third-party backup facilities, or cloud-based backup services. Disaster recovery planning typically defines backup schedules, retention periods, recovery procedures, and target recovery goals, such as recovery time objective and recovery point objective. While user authentication supports security and parallel processing relates to performance, they are not core elements that ensure data remains available after a site-level disaster.
Therefore, off-site storage is correctly identified as a component of disaster recovery strategies.
質問 # 54
Which type of network is used to connect wireless headphones to a smartphone?
正解：B
解説：
Wireless headphones typically connect to a smartphone using Bluetooth, which is an example of a personal area network. In Information Technology, a personal area network is a short-range network centered around an individual's devices, usually within a few meters. PAN technology is designed for low power usage and convenient device pairing, making it ideal for accessories such as headphones, smartwatches, fitness trackers, and wireless keyboards. A local area network covers a larger area such as a home, office, or campus and commonly uses Ethernet or Wi-Fi to connect computers and network devices. A wide area network spans large geographic distances and connects networks across cities, countries, or continents, often using leased lines or internet infrastructure. Extended area network is not a standard category used in most networking fundamentals curricula compared with PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN. Since the connection between headphones and a phone is short-range and personal, it is best classified as a personal area network.
Therefore, the correct answer is PAN.
質問 # 55
Which part of the data-information-knowledge-wisdom DIKW hierarchy involves recognizing the right thing to do?
正解：D
解説：
Wisdom is the DIKW level that involves recognizing the right thing to do. In Information Technology and decision-support contexts, wisdom goes beyond simply having facts, meaning, or even actionable understanding. It includes sound judgment, ethical reasoning, and the ability to choose an appropriate course of action based on values, long-term consequences, and context. Data is raw facts, information is processed and contextualized data, and knowledge is the application of information through experience, rules, methods, or models to guide actions. Wisdom adds a higher level of human-like evaluation: not only can someone act, but they can decide whether they should act and which action is most responsible. For example, a system might provide knowledge about security vulnerabilities and fixes, but wisdom is deciding how to balance security, cost, user impact, and ethical obligations when implementing changes. In many IT documents, wisdom is described as insight and judgment that guides decisions toward the best or most ethical outcomes.
Therefore, recognizing the right thing to do corresponds to wisdom.
質問 # 56
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