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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Negotiation strategies and tactics | - Approaches to negotiation
|
| Power, ethics and communication in negotiation | - Influencing factors
|
| Negotiation fundamentals | - Principles of commercial negotiation
|
| Negotiation planning and preparation | - Preparation techniques
|
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NEW QUESTION # 137
A buyer is approaching a negotiation where the company is in a low-power negotiating position in relation to the supplier. How can the buyer improve leverage and power with the supplier?
* Consolidate the expenditure from across the organisation to increase the size and value of the requirement
* Understand the supplier's costs and margins prior to the negotiation to demonstrate that you know what it costs to produce the product
* Take a distributive approach to the negotiation and refuse to make concessions
* Limit communication and information sharing with the supplier so as not to give anything away
Answer: A
Explanation:
When buyer power is low, leverage must be created rather than assumed. Consolidating organisational spend increases volume and commercial importance to the supplier, directly strengthening buyer power.
Understanding supplier costs and margins reduces information asymmetry and demonstrates commercial competence, which improves credibility and influence during negotiations. Refusing concessions and limiting communication are typical of adversarial tactics and often weaken relationships when power is already limited. CIPS clearly advises buyers to use aggregation of demand and market intelligence as ethical and effective methods to rebalance power without damaging long-term supplier relationships.
Reference: CIPS L4M5 Commercial Negotiation (CORE), 2nd edition - LO 3.1: Sources of power and methods to improve buyer leverage.
NEW QUESTION # 138
Which of the following are external factors in supplier pricing decisions? Select TWO.
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Suppliers' pricing decisions are influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal include cost of production, overheads, and lifecycle stage. External include competition (market dynamics, alternatives available) and customer perception of value (willingness to pay, brand image). These external elements are beyond supplier control but crucial in determining market price levels. Recognising these allows buyers to assess supplier pricing flexibility and to negotiate based on market realities rather than supplier cost claims.
Reference: CIPS L4M5 (2nd ed.), LO 1.2 - Internal vs external pricing factors in commercial negotiation.
NEW QUESTION # 139
Which of the following are recognised techniques in contract negotiation? Select THREE that apply.
Answer: A,C,E
Explanation:
The question asks about negotiation techniques which are not present in the book. In this question, there are only 3 recognised techniques:
- Framing and reframing: A frame is an assumption, or set of assumptions, that guides our attention and behavior. Reframing is the ability to identify and significantly change assumptions or perspectives. Framing has a significant impact on the effectiveness of negotiation outcomes and negotiator working relationships.
You can read more on framing and reframing here.
- Anchoring: Anchoring bias is well-known cognitive bias in negotiation and in other contexts. The anchoring bias describes the common tendency to give too much weight to the first number put forth in a discussion and then inadequately adjust from that starting point, or the "anchor." We even fixate on anchors when we know they are irrelevant to the discussion at hand. You can read more on anchoring here.
- Pacing and leading: Pacing and leading is a two-step lever of persuasion. First - You "match your pace" to the person you want to influence in as many ways as possible. You can do this by mimicking the way the person talks, stands, their appearance, etc. You can also mimic less tangible aspects like the way they act, or their emotional state. Second - Once you've set your pace with someone, lead them to whatever decision or behavior you want them to take! You can read more on pacing and leading here.
NEW QUESTION # 140
Neville is a senior procurement specialist in a automaker. He has good relationship with his team mates and other departments because of his amazing purchasing skills and kindness. Which of the following sources of power is Neville likely to possess?
Answer: B
Explanation:
:
In 1959, French and Raven described five bases of power:
1. Legitimate - This comes from the belief that a person has the formal right to make demands, and to expect others to be compliant and obedient.
2. Reward - This results from one person's ability to compensate another for compliance.
3. Expert - This is based on a person's high levels of skill and knowledge.
4. Referent - This is the result of a person's perceived attractiveness, worthiness and right to others' respect.
5. Coercive - This comes from the belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance.
Six years later, Raven added an extra power base:
6. Informational - This results from a person's ability to control the information that others need to accomplish something.
In the scenario, Neville attracts and keeps good relationship with his colleagues not because of neither position nor reward nor coercion. He has good skills and kindness, which increase his charisma. His source of power is referent power.
NEW QUESTION # 141
Which of the following would cause a demand curve for a good to be price inelastic?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Essential goods and services such as electricity, fuel, basic food stuffs, commuter transport and habitual products such as tobacco, alcohol and sugar-based drinks are often sited as facing a relatively inelastic demand curve. This means when the price goes up, the quantity demanded does not decrease very much and so they are often the target of government taxation.
LO2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 142
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