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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
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NEW QUESTION # 929
When monitoring vital signs, the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia's (ACVAA) Recommendations for Monitoring Anesthetized Veterinary Patients group vital signs into three classifications, including all of the following except:
Answer: D
Explanation:
The ACVAA's group on monitoring anesthesia discusses vital signs as only loosely correlated with anesthetic depth. However, knowing when a patient's heart rate, rhythm, respiratory rate and depth, capillary refill time, temperature, blood pressure, and mucous membrane colors are abnormal may help you determine what surgical plane of anesthesia you should be in time. Various factors affect the surgical plane and the body's response to surgery, anesthesia, pain, and other stimuli. Thus, we cannot solely rely on the classic vital signs to determine if a patient is stable and in the correct surgical anesthetic plane.
The ACVAA classifies vital signs into 3 groups.
Indicators of circulation. These include:
*Heart rate
*Blood pressure (Indirect measure via Doppler or oscillometric monitor or directly via an arterial catheter)
*Capillary refill time
*Mucous membrane color
*Pulse strength (determined by palpation of a peripheral artery such as the femoral, carotid, lingual, or in small animals, the dorsal pedal, and in large animals, the facial, digital, dorsal pedal, or auricular arteries) Indicators of oxygenation. These include:
*Pulse oximetry
*Measuring dissolved blood oxygen via a blood gas
*Mucous membrane color, the only physical indicator of oxygenation, will change, but once the change is visibly evident (cyanosis), intervention is often too late, and it is not accurate in the presence of anemia; thus, just a crude indicator of oxygenation.
Indicators of ventilation. These include:
*Respiratory rate
*Respiratory effort
*Tidal Volume
*Capnography
*Blood gas analysis
The first of these three is visually monitoring the expansion and contraction of the reservoir bag, unidirectional flow through the valves, via monitoring equipment, or simply by watching the chest wall rise and fall.
Ideally, you will have evaluated the animal's normal quality and depth of respiration when awake to determine if there is a significant change from normal once anesthetized.
The above three indicators are what the ACVAA classifies as the three key vital sign classifications. However, there are other indicators of anesthetic depth, including reflexes. Reflexes, involuntary, protective responses by the body can further assess anesthetic depth based on the procedure being performed. These include:
*Palpebral reflex
*Swallowing reflex
*Pedal reflex
*Corneal reflex
*Muscle jaw tone
*Eye position and pupil size
Most patients' eye position and pupil size for a proper surgical anesthetic plane will have ventromedial deviation. For some horses, the eyes may change from ventromedial to central and revert back. On the other hand, nystagmus often signifies a light plane of anesthesia.
Finally, a response to surgical stimuli can also help determine the anesthetic depth, and monitoring key parameters at times when you know there will be an increase in noxious stimuli is paramount and part of your job as a technician monitoring anesthesia and the patient's overall well-being and safety during the procedure.
NEW QUESTION # 930
You are educating a new client on pet psittacine diet recommendations. What percentage of the bird's diet should come from vegetables?
Answer: B
Explanation:
When considering a psittacine's diet, we want to divide it up into four food groups:
1. 40-50% should be derived from cereals and whole grains. This is generally obtained using a properly formulated, reputable commercial pelleted diet. These are usually fortified with vitamins and minerals. They provide proteins, fiber, B vitamins, and fat. However, if fed non-commercial grains and cereals, this diet portion will lack calcium and vitamins K, D, and A. This does not include human foods like pizza (crust), chips, or sweets.
2. 20-30% of the diet is derived from vegetables. These include broccoli, winter squash, dark, leafy greens, and sweet potatoes. This portion provides necessary fiber, vitamins A and K, and carbohydrates, and may help with calcium. It lacks fats, proteins, and vitamin D3. Ensure owners know that avocado is toxic.
3. 15-20% of the diet should be derived from fruits such as pomegranate, berries, and papaya.
4. The final 5% should come from meats, insects, and fish. Yes, psittacines require protein. This part of the diet aids with fat, protein, calcium, and omega fatty acids. However, it lacks vitamins, antioxidants, and fiber. Cooked eggs, legumes, lean meats, and fish can be fun to share with our feathered friends when not fed in excess.
Stress that while fruits and veggies can sound healthy, birds don't necessarily gravitate to those that are the most healthy. We can see obesity and nutritional deficiencies in birds fed good quality fruits and veggies if the rest of the diet isn't complete.
Contrary to popular belief, seeds have no place in a bird's diet. They are nutrient-deficient in vitamins (especially A), amino acids, trace macro and micro minerals, and very fatty. Birds who eat seeds primarily are nutrient-deprived and prone to various underlying diseases. If you see a client feeding seeds, you want to discuss how to improve the diet with them. This will include warning them that it may be hard to switch to a more complete and balanced diet. While changing the diet, they need to pay extra close attention to the droppings for changes and signs of insufficient oral intake, including darker feces or decreased quantity.
Thus, a psittacine's diet should be primarily a commercially-prepared balanced diet, supplemented with some fruits, veggies, and proteins.
NEW QUESTION # 931
All of the following are crystalloid fluids, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Crystalloids and colloids are two classes of intravenous fluids. Hydroxyethyl starch (hestastarch)is a synthetic colloid fluid, not a crystalloid. Recently, concern has been raised about the safety of hydroxyethyl starch and the increased risk of renal injury and coagulopathies.
Examples of crystalloid solutions are 0.9% NaCl, Plasmalyte 148, and Normosol R.
NEW QUESTION # 932
Chlorpromazine has all of the following effects except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Chlorpromazine, a phenothiazine tranquilizer, works by blocking dopamine receptors, leading to tranquilization and sedation. There are several effects beyond the typical sedation purposes, including antihistamine and antiemetic benefits.
Chlorpromazine does not have any analgesic properties.
NEW QUESTION # 933
Which of the following pain medications is used for transdermal administration in veterinary patients?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Fentanyl is formulated in a transdermal patch. It may be used for patients needing several days of continuous pain management.
Morphine, ketamine, and tramadol are administered either by injection or orally.
NEW QUESTION # 934
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