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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
| Topic 2: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Topic 3: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Topic 4: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| Topic 5: Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models |
| Topic 6: Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Transparent traffic encryption - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture |
| Topic 7: Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Topic 8: Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
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NEW QUESTION # 57
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 58
What is correct about this Cilium Network Policy?
Question 21 Cilium Network Policy exhibit
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended policy selects every Cilium-managed endpoint in the namespace where the CiliumNetworkPolicy is created because endpointSelector: {} is empty. The manifest does not specify metadata.namespace ; if it is applied normally in the default namespace, the selected endpoints are therefore all pods in default , not pods across every namespace. The egress destination selector identifies pods in kube- system carrying k8s-app: kube-dns , while matchPattern: "*" allows all DNS query names handled by the DNS rule. This supports the intended answer A.
There is, however, a material defect in the exhibit: toPorts is a list in the Cilium policy schema, but the image shows rules directly beneath toPorts without a preceding list marker. The official form is toPorts: , followed by - ports: and rules: within that list item. Port 53 and its protocol should also be stated explicitly. Exactly as displayed, the manifest should not be treated as a valid deployable policy.
The question should be corrected before examination use. Once the missing list item and port definition are restored, A accurately describes its scope and effect.
Official references
Using Kubernetes Constructs in Policy ; Layer 7 Protocol Visibility .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 59
Which statement is true about Mutual Authentication with Cilium?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
SPIRE supplies workload identities as SPIFFE Verifiable Identity Documents, including X.509 key material used for mutual authentication. SPIFFE's identity model supports automatic issuance, rotation, and revocation, allowing short-lived certificates to be renewed without manually distributing static credentials.
This makes D the correct statement.
Option A reverses the documented default. Cilium's default SPIRE installation requires persistent-volume support. In-memory storage can be selected for laboratory environments by disabling server data storage, but that setting causes SPIRE data to be recreated if the server pod restarts. Option B also reverses the relationship between the projects: SPIFFE defines the identity standards and APIs, while SPIRE is a production-ready implementation of SPIFFE. Cilium's mutual-authentication integration has been validated with SPIRE.
Option C overstates the operational requirement. A SPIRE server is involved, but Cilium's Helm chart can deploy and configure the supported SPIRE server and per-node agents. Administrators may provide their own deployment, yet a completely manual installation is not mandatory.
Current documentation classifies this mutual-authentication implementation as beta and notes limitations, including incompatibility with Cluster Mesh trust domains. Those maturity constraints do not change the certificate-management behavior described in D.
Official references
Cilium Mutual Authentication .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 60
Which of the following best describes how eBPF is used within Cilium9
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D most precisely describes Cilium's foundational use of eBPF. The Cilium agent translates desired networking and security state into eBPF programs and maps, then attaches those programs to Linux kernel hook points such as traffic-control ingress and egress, XDP, cgroups, and sockets. Packets can consequently be classified, permitted, dropped, redirected, load-balanced, or forwarded without requiring changes to the protected application.
Endpoint-policy programs associate traffic with Cilium security identities and perform Layer 3 and Layer 4 enforcement in the kernel. Traffic requiring Layer 7 inspection can be redirected from the eBPF datapath to Envoy. This combination provides efficient kernel-level enforcement while retaining application-aware controls.
Option A describes an important Hubble observability outcome, but it is narrower than Cilium's primary networking and enforcement model and overstates what is necessarily exposed through a UI. Option B mischaracterizes Cilium as DNS infrastructure; Cilium can enforce DNS-aware policies but does not replace Kubernetes DNS service discovery. Option C is too generic and implies a conventional threat-detection product rather than identity-based networking and policy enforcement.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction , Introduction to Cilium and Hubble
Study Guide topic: Kernel hooks, endpoint policy, identities, and eBPF datapath enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 61
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 62
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