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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Layer 2 Security | 10-15% | - Layer 2 firewall filters and security features - Port security, MAC limiting and storm control - DHCP snooping, Dynamic ARP Inspection and IP Source Guard |
| BGP | 15-20% | - Neighbor relationships and session establishment - Route advertisement, attributes and path selection - Routing policies, filtering and common troubleshooting |
| Layer 2 Switching and VLANs | 15-20% | - VLAN concepts, configuration, trunking and tagging - Spanning Tree Protocol (STP, RSTP, MSTP) operation and configuration - Link Aggregation Groups (LAG) and Virtual Chassis |
| Tunnels and Overlays | 5-10% | - Overlay network design and connectivity - GRE, IP-IP and dynamic tunnel configuration - Tunnel types, encapsulation and operation |
| IS-IS | 10-15% | - Adjacency establishment, levels and metrics - Scalable enterprise deployment and troubleshooting - Configuration and route exchange |
| IP Multicast | 5-10% | - Multicast routing monitoring and troubleshooting - IGMP operation and configuration - PIM Dense Mode, Sparse Mode and RP mechanisms |
| Protocol Independent Routing | 10-15% | - Routing tables, static routes and route preference - Basic routing policy and filter operation - Routing instances and route selection criteria |
| OSPF | 15-20% | - Route summarization and redistribution - Configuration, verification and troubleshooting - Neighbor formation, area design and LSA types |
| High Availability and Resiliency | 5-10% | - Network resiliency design and troubleshooting - Redundancy protocols and failover mechanisms - Graceful restart and non-stop routing |
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NEW QUESTION # 54
Which two statements describe the purpose of a BGP notification message? (Choose two.)
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
A BGP NOTIFICATION message is one of the four core message types defined in RFC 4271, alongside OPEN, UPDATE, and KEEPALIVE, and it serves a very specific and narrow purpose within the protocol: whenever a BGP speaker detects an unrecoverable, fatal condition in the session -- such as a malformed OPEN message, an unsupported capability, a hold-timer expiration, a finite-state-machine error, or an administratively initiated reset -- it transmits a NOTIFICATION message to its peer immediately before closing the underlying TCP connection and tearing down the session entirely. This confirms that a NOTIFICATION always signals the termination of the session upon a fatal error, never a routine, in-session update. Structurally, every NOTIFICATION message carries a defined error code and error subcode field, which together precisely classify the category and specific nature of the fault that triggered the termination (for example, 'Cease' with a subcode indicating administrative shutdown, or 'Update Message Error' with a subcode indicating a malformed attribute), giving the receiving peer's administrator concrete diagnostic information about exactly why the session was torn down.
Updating route attributes while keeping a session alive is the role of the UPDATE message, not NOTIFICATION, and refreshing a neighbor's table without resetting the session describes the optional Route Refresh capability (a separate, distinct BGP mechanism), neither of which describes NOTIFICATION's function.
NEW QUESTION # 55
Click the Exhibit button. A network includes several autonomous systems that exchange routing information using BGP. Multiple BGP routes exist for the same prefix. Referring to the exhibit, which attribute would BGP use first when selecting a preferred route?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The Junos BGP path selection algorithm proceeds through a strict, ordered sequence of comparison steps, and once next-hop reachability and route preference (administrative distance) have been confirmed as equal, local preference is the very first BGP-specific path attribute evaluated in the decision process. A route carrying a higher local preference value is always chosen over a competing route to the same prefix with a lower local preference, and this comparison takes absolute precedence over every subsequent attribute in the algorithm; if local preference values differ between candidate paths, the selection process concludes at this step without ever needing to examine AS path length, origin type, or MED at all. Only when two or more competing paths share an identical local preference value does the algorithm proceed to its third step, comparing AS path length and preferring the shortest, and only after a further tie does it move on to origin type (preferring IGP-origin over EGP-origin, and EGP-origin over incomplete), followed by MED comparison (preferring the lowest value, and only among routes learned from the same neighboring AS by default). Because local preference is evaluated strictly before all three of the other listed attributes, it is the attribute BGP consults first among the choices given, making it the deciding factor in scenarios such as this exhibit where multiple autonomous systems advertise competing paths toward the same 192.168.1.0/24 prefix.
NEW QUESTION # 56
On Juniper devices, which statement correctly describes a basic characteristic of a GRE tunnel?
Answer: D
Explanation:
GRE is fundamentally a stateless encapsulation protocol: the encapsulating router simply wraps the passenger packet in a GRE header and an outer delivery IP header and forwards it based on ordinary IP routing table lookups toward the configured tunnel destination address. For that forwarding to succeed, the underlying (global or routing-instance) routing table on each endpoint must contain a valid, reachable route to the far-end tunnel address; without such a route, the tunnel interface will not come up or will be unable to deliver traffic, since GRE relies entirely on the existing IP infrastructure rather than any tunnel-specific signaling to establish reachability. Because GRE has no built-in state machine or session negotiation, it does not natively track whether the remote endpoint is alive - that requires an optional add-on such as GRE keepalives or BFD, neither of which is enabled by default; an operator must explicitly configure them if failure detection is required. GRE is also protocol-agnostic rather than IPv4-only: it can encapsulate IPv4, IPv6, MPLS, and other network-layer protocols as the passenger, which is one of its defining advantages over IP-in-IP tunneling.
Finally, because GRE keeps no per-session state about the peer, it cannot detect or report tunnel failures on its own, reinforcing why route reachability is the one true prerequisite for tunnel operation. Reference topics:
Junos Enterprise Routing - Tunneling, Understanding Generic Routing Encapsulation.
NEW QUESTION # 57
You have traffic for a video streaming application traversing a GRE tunnel in your network and users are reporting poor performance. Both ends of the tunnel are using the default settings for a gigabit Ethernet interface, but you observe excessive packet drops due to exceeding the MTU.
Which two steps would you take to improve connectivity for this application? (Choose two.)
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
The described symptom - excessive packet drops specifically attributed to exceeding the MTU on a GRE tunnel carrying full-size video streaming traffic across default-MTU gigabit Ethernet interfaces - is a direct consequence of the 24 bytes of GRE encapsulation overhead pushing packets that were already at or near the standard 1500-byte Ethernet MTU past the physical interface's transmission limit once the outer GRE and IP headers are added. The most durable fix is to proactively increase the physical member interfaces' MTU beyond the 1500-byte default - to 1524 bytes or higher - which provides sufficient headroom to absorb the full GRE encapsulation overhead without ever causing the fully encapsulated packet to exceed the interface's transmission capability, allowing full-size 1500-byte payloads to pass through the tunnel intact and without fragmentation or drops. As a complementary measure, configuring the clear-dont-fragment-bit option on the tunnel or member interfaces instructs Junos to clear the DF (don't fragment) bit on oversized packets rather than dropping them outright when they do exceed the available MTU, allowing the Packet Forwarding Engine to fragment and later reassemble the traffic instead of silently discarding it, which directly addresses the reported packet loss even under transient conditions. Simply raising the MTU only to 1500 bytes fails to account for the 24-byte GRE overhead and would not resolve the underlying oversize condition. Routing the tunnel over a higher-bandwidth link addresses potential congestion but does nothing to correct an MTU-based packet-size violation, which is the root cause explicitly identified in this scenario. Reference topics: Junos Enterprise Routing - Tunneling, GRE MTU Sizing and Fragmentation Handling for High-Throughput Applications.
NEW QUESTION # 58
After receiving a BGP route, which two conditions are verified by the receiving router to ensure that the received route is valid? (Choose two)
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
B is correct because the loops do not exist is one of the conditions that are verified by the receiving router to ensure that the received BGP route is valid. A loop in BGP means that a route has been advertised by the same AS more than once, which can cause routing instability and inefficiency. To prevent loops, BGP uses the AS-path attribute, which lists the AS numbers that a route has traversed from the origin to the destination. The receiving router checks the AS-path attribute of the received route and discards it if it finds its own AS number in the list. This way, BGP avoids accepting routes that contain loops.
C is correct because the next hop is reachable is one of the conditions that are verified by the receiving router to ensure that the received BGP route is valid. The next hop is the IP address of the next router that is used to forward packets to the destination network. The receiving router checks the next hop attribute of the received route and verifies that it has a valid route to reach it.
If the next hop is not reachable, the received route is not usable and is rejected by the receiving router. This way, BGP ensures that only feasible routes are accepted.
NEW QUESTION # 59
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