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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Software Defined Access Network (SDAN) | - Subscriber and service management - Corteca platform - Altiplano Access Controller - Network topology and service health |
| Nokia fixed access portfolio | - FastMile FWA solutions - Home networking devices - Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) - Lightspan FX and MF Optical Line Terminals |
| Service delivery and operations | - Network monitoring and troubleshooting - Voice, Internet and IPTV services - Service provisioning - High-Speed Internet (HSI) |
| Management interfaces and automation | - NETCONF - Telemetry and automation concepts - CLI fundamentals - YANG data models |
| Fixed network architectures and broadband access | - Broadband network architecture - FTTH and FTTx technologies - Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) - Passive Optical Networks (PON) - Optical Distribution Network (ODN) |
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問題 #34
Which YANG node type represents multiple scalar values under the same node name without allowing child nodes?
答案：D
解題說明：
A YANG leaf-list represents a sequence of scalar values of the same defined type. Like a leaf, each value is terminal and cannot contain child nodes. However, unlike a single leaf, a leaf-list can have multiple entries. A YANG list also supports multiple instances, but each list entry can contain child nodes and is normally identified by one or more key leaves. A container groups related child nodes but does not itself represent a repeated collection of scalar values. A choice defines alternative branches in a data model, allowing one set of nodes from the available cases to be selected. Correctly distinguishing these node types is important when interpreting YANG schemas used to configure and monitor access devices through model-driven management interfaces.
問題 #35
How does an ADSL connection support simultaneous traditional voice and broadband data over the same copper pair?
答案：C
解題說明：
ADSL uses frequency-division techniques to place traditional analog voice and broadband data in different portions of the available copper-pair spectrum. The lower-frequency range is reserved for voice, while higher-frequency ranges carry upstream and downstream DSL data. Filters or splitters separate these frequency ranges at the subscriber and network sides, allowing a telephone call and an Internet session to operate simultaneously. The services are not required to alternate in time, and an optical wavelength is not involved because ADSL operates over copper. GPON time-slot scheduling applies to upstream transmissions from ONTs on a passive optical network, not to ADSL voice separation. Line quality, loop length, attenuation, and interference affect the data rate that ADSL can achieve.
問題 #36
What is the primary purpose of vectoring in a DSL access network?
答案：B
解題說明：
DSL vectoring is primarily used to reduce or cancel far-end crosstalk between copper pairs operating within the same cable bundle. Crosstalk can significantly reduce the attainable data rate, particularly with high-frequency technologies such as VDSL2. A vectoring system measures interference among coordinated lines and generates compensating signals that counteract the crosstalk. This can improve connection stability and allow lines to operate closer to their theoretical performance. Vectoring is different from bonding. Bonding combines the capacity of multiple physical copper pairs to increase the aggregate subscriber bitrate. Vectoring also does not divide optical signals because that is the function of a splitter in a passive optical network. Its effectiveness generally depends on coordinating the relevant DSL lines through compatible access equipment.
問題 #37
A QoS policy examines a packet's markings and assigns it to a forwarding class. Which QoS function is being performed?
答案：D
解題說明：
Classification examines packet information and determines how the packet should be treated by the QoS system. The decision can use fields such as VLAN priority, Differentiated Services Code Point, protocol information, or interface context. After classification, the packet is assigned to an appropriate forwarding class and queue so that scheduling, congestion management, and other policies can provide the intended treatment. Shaping controls an outgoing rate by buffering excess traffic, while policing enforces a traffic profile by dropping or remarking nonconforming packets. Optical amplification increases optical signal power and is unrelated to packet classification. Effective classification is essential when a fixed-access network carries services with different requirements, such as voice, IPTV, management traffic, and best-effort Internet access.
問題 #38
Where should multicast traffic ideally be replicated in a bandwidth-efficient access network?
答案：D
解題說明：
Multicast is bandwidth-efficient because one stream can be transported across shared network sections and replicated only where paths diverge toward interested receivers. Routers and multicast-aware switching functions use membership and forwarding information to determine which interfaces require a copy. This approach avoids sending a separate end-to-end unicast stream for every viewer and avoids flooding the content to subscribers who did not join the group. IGMP reports communicate receiver membership on IPv4 access networks, while IGMP snooping helps Layer 2 devices restrict forwarding to appropriate ports. Replicating content for every possible subscriber at the source would remove much of multicast's scaling advantage. Likewise, transmitting every stream on every access port would waste bandwidth and could expose receivers to large amounts of unwanted traffic.
問題 #39
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