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Format: Multiple choices, multiple answers
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Candidates for national emergency medical technician certification must meet the following requirements:
NEW QUESTION # 161
A patient who is 30 weeks pregnant is in cardiac arrest after being hit by a car. How should the EMT proceed?
Select the two answer options that are correct.
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
The correct answers are A. Provide left uterine displacement and E. Perform compressions at a depth of at least two inches.
Key Concept: Cardiac Arrest in Late Pregnancy
At #20 weeks gestation (30 weeks in this case):
* The enlarged uterus compresses the inferior vena cava (IVC) when the patient is supine
* This reduces venous return and cardiac output, worsening resuscitation effectiveness Why A is correct (Left uterine displacement):
* The uterus should be manually displaced to the left side
* This relieves pressure on the IVC and improves circulation during CPR NREMT/AHA-aligned guidance states:
* "Manual left uterine displacement should be performed in pregnant patients during resuscitation." Why E is correct (Compression depth):
* CPR in pregnant patients follows standard adult CPR guidelines
* Compression depth should be at least 2 inches (5 cm)
* "Perform high-quality chest compressions at a depth of at least 2 inches." Why the other options are incorrect:
* B. Avoid using AED# Incorrect - AED is safe and indicated in pregnancy
* "Defibrillation should not be withheld in pregnant patients."
* C. Request a helicopter# Not a priority during active cardiac arrest - resuscitation comes first
* D. Upper half of sternum# Incorrect - compressions are performed on the center of the chest (lower half of sternum) Exact Extracts (NREMT/AHA-aligned references):
* "Perform manual uterine displacement in late pregnancy during CPR."
* "Use standard CPR compression depth and rate."
* "Defibrillation is safe in pregnancy and should not be delayed."
Clinical Priority Summary:
In a pregnant cardiac arrest patient, the EMT should perform standard high-quality CPR while relieving uterine pressure on major vessels, making A and E the correct answers.
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Cardiology & Resuscitation
American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for CPR and ECC
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP)
NEW QUESTION # 162
Through which of the following routes is hepatitis A transmitted?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Hepatitis Avirus is transmittedexclusively via the fecal-oral route. Ingesting contaminated food or water allows the virus to enter the digestive tract, infecting liver cells. It's often spread through poor hand hygiene or unsanitary food handling.
It isnot bloodborne, unlike Hepatitis B and C. It is not commonly spread through saliva or urine.
References:
CDC: "Hepatitis A - Questions and Answers for Health Professionals"
NREMT Medical Guidelines - Communicable Disease
National EMS Education Standards - Infection Control and Prevention
NEW QUESTION # 163
During transport, an 86-year-old patient becomes unresponsive. The airway is open, and the patient has adequate spontaneous breathing. How should an EMT position this patient?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is C. Recovery.
This patient is:
* Unresponsive
* Has an open airway
* Is breathing adequately
This meets the criteria for placement in the recovery position (lateral recumbent position).
Why C is correct (Recovery position):
The recovery position is used to:
* Maintain a patent airway
* Allow secretions or vomit to drain
* Reduce the risk of aspiration
NREMT-aligned guidance states:
* "Unresponsive patients with adequate breathing should be placed in the recovery position."
* "This position helps protect the airway and prevents aspiration."
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Supine: Increases risk of airway obstruction and aspiration.
* B. Fowler: Used for conscious patients with breathing difficulty, not unresponsive patients.
* D. Trendelenburg: Not recommended; may impair breathing and does not improve outcomes.
Exact Extracts:
* "Place unresponsive breathing patients in the recovery position."
* "This helps maintain airway patency and allows drainage of secretions."
* "Airway protection is a priority in unresponsive patients."
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Airway, Respiration & Ventilation
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Airway Management
Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) - Airway Management
NEW QUESTION # 164
What characteristics of the pediatric airway are different from the adult airway?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Compared to adults, pediatric patients have:
* Aproportionately larger tongue, which increases the risk of airway obstruction
* Alarger occiput, which causes natural neck flexion when lying supine, potentially occluding the airway This anatomical difference is why EMS providers often use ashoulder rollinstead of a head tilt to maintain a neutral airwayin infants and toddlers.
References:
NREMT Pediatric Airway Management Standards
AHA PALS Manual - Pediatric Anatomy and Airway Considerations
National EMS Education Standards - Pediatric Assessment and Airway Anatomy
NEW QUESTION # 165
A 50-year-old patient has pain in the right calf. The patient describes the pain as cramping and soreness. The right calf is red, warm to the touch, and noticeably larger than the left calf. The patient's signs and symptoms are most likely caused by which of the following conditions?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is C. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
This question is testing recognition of classic signs and symptoms of a deep vein thrombosis, which is a blood clot forming in a deep vein, most commonly in the lower extremities.
The patient presents with hallmark findings:
* Unilateral calf pain (cramping/soreness)
* Swelling (one calf larger than the other)
* Redness
* Warmth to the touch
These findings strongly indicate DVT.
According to NREMT-aligned EMT educational material:
* "Signs of deep vein thrombosis include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness of the affected extremity."
* "DVT most commonly occurs in the legs and may present with unilateral swelling." Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Hyperthermia:A systemic condition involving elevated body temperature, not localized calf swelling and pain.
* B. Food poisoning:Causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, not localized extremity findings.
* D. Compartment syndrome:Typically presents with severe pain (often out of proportion), decreased pulses, pallor, paresthesia, and paralysis-not primarily redness and warmth. It is usually associated with trauma.
Clinical significance (important NREMT concept):
DVT is dangerous because the clot can dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism, which is life-threatening.
NREMT guidance:
* "A thrombus in a deep vein may dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism." Exact Extracts:
* "Signs of deep vein thrombosis include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness."
* "DVT most often affects the lower extremities."
* "A thrombus can break free and become an embolus, traveling to the lungs." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Medical Emergencies
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Cardiovascular/Medical Standard EMT Text (aligned with NREMT): Cardiovascular and Hematologic Emergencies
NEW QUESTION # 166
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