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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cryptography and Post-Exploitation | 13% | - Post-Exploitation Techniques
|
| Mobile Platform and IoT Attacks | 7% | - Mobile Platform Attack Vectors
|
| System Hacking | 17% | - System Hacking Methodologies
|
| Malware Threats | 8% | - Malware and Its Types
|
| Enumeration | 15% | - Enumeration Concepts
|
| Sniffing and Evasion | 10% | - Network Sniffing
|
| Wireless Network Attacks | 9% | - Wireless Hacking Methodology
|
| Cloud and Container Attacks | 10% | - Cloud Attacks and Security
|
| Information Security and Ethical Hacking Overview | 6% | - Information Security Overview
|
| Web Application Attacks | 19% | - Hacking Web Servers and Web Applications
|
| Vulnerability Analysis | 7% | - Vulnerability Assessment Concepts
|
| Reconnaissance Techniques | 21% | - Scanning Networks
|
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NEW QUESTION # 366
A security researcher is analyzing a target organization's publicly accessible cloud infrastructure.
While reviewing the website's HTML source code, the researcher discovers direct references to files hosted on Amazon S3. What is the most effective way to identify additional publicly accessible bucket URLs used by the target?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Google advanced search operators can be used to passively discover publicly exposed Amazon S3 bucket URLs indexed by search engines. This method does not require interaction with the target's infrastructure and is effective for uncovering additional accessible buckets referenced across public content.
NEW QUESTION # 367
An ethical hacker is performing a network scan to evaluate the security of a company's IT infrastructure. During the scan, he discovers an active host with multiple open ports running various services. The hacker uses TCP communication flags to establish a connection with the host and starts communicating with it. He sends a SYN packet to a port on the host and receives a SYN/ACK packet back. He then sends an ACK packet for the received SYN/ACK packet, which triggers an open connection. Which of the following actions should the ethical hacker perform next?
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 368
Which of the following is one primary difference between a malicious hacker and an ethical hacker?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Ethical hackers use many of the same tools, techniques, and methods as malicious hackers, but they operate with authorization and with the goal of identifying and fixing security weaknesses without causing harm to the organization.
NEW QUESTION # 369
An attacker changes the profile information of a particular user (victim) on the target website. The attacker uses this string to update the victim's profile to a text file and then submit the data to the attacker's database.
<
iframe src=""http://www.vulnweb.com/updateif.php"" style=""display:none""
> < /iframe >
What is this type of attack (that can use either HTTP GET or HTTP POST) called?
Answer: C
Explanation:
https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/csrf-cross-site-request-forgery Cross-site request forgery (also known as CSRF) is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to induce users to perform actions that they do not intend to perform.
This is done by making a logged in user in the victim platform access an attacker controlled website and from there execute malicious JS code, send forms or retrieve "images" to the victims account.
In order to be able to abuse a CSRF vulnerability you first need to find a relevant action to abuse (change password or email, make the victim follow you on a social network, give you more privileges...). The session must rely only on cookies or HTTP Basic Authentication header, any other header can't be used to handle the session. An finally, there shouldn't be unpredictable parameters on the request.
Several counter-measures could be in place to avoid this vulnerability. Common defenses:
- SameSite cookies: If the session cookie is using this flag, you may not be able to send the cookie from arbitrary web sites.
- Cross-origin resource sharing: Depending on which kind of HTTP request you need to perform to abuse the relevant action, you may take int account the CORS policy of the victim site. Note that the CORS policy won't affect if you just want to send a GET request or a POST request from a form and you don't need to read the response.
- Ask for the password user to authorise the action.
- Resolve a captcha
- Read the Referrer or Origin headers. If a regex is used it could be bypassed form example with:
http://mal.net?orig=http://example.com
(ends with the url)
http://example.com.mal.net
(starts with the url)
- Modify the name of the parameters of the Post or Get request
- Use a CSRF token in each session. This token has to be send inside the request to confirm the action. This token could be protected with CORS.
NEW QUESTION # 370
A large corporate network is being subjected to repeated sniffing attacks. To increase security, the company's IT department decides to implement a combination of several security measures. They permanently add theMAC address of the gateway to the ARP cache, switch to using IPv6 instead of IPv4, implement the use of encrypted sessions such as SSH instead of Telnet, and use Secure File Transfer Protocol instead of FTP.
However, they are still faced with the threat of sniffing. Considering the countermeasures, what should be their next step to enhance network security?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Sniffing attacks are a type of network attack that involves intercepting and analyzing data packets as they travel over a network. Sniffing attacks can be used to steal sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, etc. Sniffing attacks can also be used to perform reconnaissance, spoofing, or man-in-the-middle attacks.
The IT department of the company has implemented some security measures to prevent or mitigate sniffing attacks, such as:
Adding the MAC address of the gateway to the ARP cache: This prevents ARP spoofing, which is a technique that allows an attacker to redirect network traffic to their own device by sending fake ARP messages that associate their MAC address with the IP address of the gateway.
Switching to IPv6 instead of IPv4: This reduces the risk of IP spoofing, which is a technique that allows an attacker to send packets with a forged source IP address, pretending to be another device on the network.
Using encrypted sessions such as SSH instead of Telnet, and Secure File Transfer Protocol instead of FTP:
This protects the data from being read or modified by an attacker who can capture the packets, as the data is encrypted and authenticated using cryptographic protocols.
However, these measures are not enough to completely eliminate the threat of sniffing, as an attacker can still use other techniques, such as:
Passive sniffing: This involves monitoring the network traffic without injecting any packets or altering the data. Passive sniffing can be done on a shared network, such as a hub, or on a switched network, using techniques such as MAC flooding, port mirroring, or VLAN hopping.
Active sniffing: This involves injecting packets or modifying the data to manipulate the network behavior or gain access to more traffic. Active sniffing can be done using techniques such as DHCP spoofing, DNS poisoning, ICMP redirection, or TCP session hijacking.
Therefore, the next step to enhance network security is to implement network scanning and monitoring tools, which can help detect and prevent sniffing attacks by:
Scanning the network for unauthorized devices, such as rogue access points, hubs, or sniffers, and removing them or isolating them from the network.
Monitoring the network for abnormal traffic patterns, such as excessive ARP requests, DNS queries, ICMP messages, or TCP connections, and alerting the network administrators or blocking the suspicious sources.
Analyzing the network traffic for malicious content, such as malware, phishing, or exfiltration, and filtering or quarantining the infected or compromised devices.
References:
CEHv13 Module 05: Sniffing
Sniffing attacks - Types, Examples & Preventing it
How to Prevent and Detect Packet Sniffing Attacks
Understanding Sniffing in Cybersecurity and How to Prevent It
NEW QUESTION # 371
......
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