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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
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NEW QUESTION # 37
A client comes to you requesting behavioral advice for her two-year-old FS mixed-breed dog. The dog used to be fine with plastic grocery bags and has suddenly become petrified. The owner lives in a small studio apartment with an alcove. The dog is crated when she's not home. However, since the fear of grocery bags started, the dog will tremble in the crate if she has to bring in the groceries. If she puts the bag down to let the dog out of the crate, she will not come out until the groceries are put away, the bags are out of sight, and the owner settles on the couch. The owner asks you about desensitization training.
Which of the following describes a component of desensitization training?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Classical conditioning is when a learner associates something innocuous with something that initiates a response. When you pair these two stimuli over time, they elicit a response together or separately. This type of conditioning is an automatic or involuntary response. Think about a dog who hears the can of food open and starts drooling (Pavlovian response). The dog recognizes that after that sound, food is served.
Sensitization occurs when an animal develops a stronger response to the same stimulus over time. This is the opposite of what we want in this patient.
With habituation, the learner's response to the same stimulus (grocery bags entering the home) decreases in intensity over time. This type of learning involves no treats/rewards. An example would be a home generator that has recently been installed that turns itself on once weekly to check function. Initially, the dog reacts to the sound, goes to check it out, and maybe even barks, but week after week, month after month, the dog no longer reacts because the pet is used to the sound, and it is routine.
However, habituation and sensitization expose an animal to a stimulus without modulating or controlling its intensity. Trying to habituate an animal can actually cause a harmful sensitization response and make the pet more fearful rather than less so.
Desensitization involves identifying a non-stressful place to begin, gradually introducing the fear-inducing stimulus, and increasing duration and intensity over time. Using gradually planned training sessions, you expose the pet on their terms to the item of concern, the plastic bag. You reward the pet for seeing the bag and do so until you can carefully and slowly bring the bag closer and closer to the pet without evoking a negative reaction. If you start to see an ear twitch or the pet looks away, you back up and go to the place where the animal remains engaged and non-fearful. Over time (sometimes a long time), you slowly increase the proximity of the item and the duration exposed, and with a plastic bag, incorporate visualization and the rustling sound they make. You may be fine with an empty bag, but you need to work on bags with things in them. The desensitization process is possible, but takes time and patience from both pet and pet parents. Pairing the reward (treat) with a clicker or other sound, like the word yes, can further reinforce desired behavior and improve success. Determining the point to start and the point that is the non-stress-provoking stage will depend on each pet. Understanding canine body language and subtle cues such as lip licking, turning the head away, and changing the ear position to express dislike of something is key.
NEW QUESTION # 38
Laminitis is a disease that primarily occurs in adult horses, though its exact cause is unknown. What part of the horse's body does laminitis directly affect?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Laminitis, also known as founder, is a disease that directly affects a horse's feet. Laminitis can occur in only the front feet, or in all four feet, and causes the sensitive laminae of the horse's feet to become inflamed. This disease is serious and often life-threatening.
Lamina corium is present between the hoof wall and the third phalanx. It provides nutrition to parts of the foot. This is the area that becomes inflamed.
Laminitis is not a disease that directly affects a horse's joints, bones, or organs.
NEW QUESTION # 39
When evaluating a large animal for possible signs of head trauma when concerned with forebrain disease (cerebrum), we expect to potentially see all of the following behaviors, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Patients with known head trauma usually have involvement of the forebrain +/- cerebellum. When the cerebrum is involved, typical behavioral changes may include:
*Blindness (running into things)
*Change in mental status (depression to comatose)
*Circling toward the injured side
*Failure or lower response to painful stimuli
*Head pressing
*Pacing
*Seizure activity
Some may have cranial nerve abnormalities, depending on the location of the damage.
The cerebellum may also be involved, and patients may demonstrate a head tilt, hypermetria, possible head tremors, ocular changes, ataxia, and other abnormalities.
Depending on severity, we may also expect physiological changes, including abnormalities in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory pattern/rate, and heart rhythm.
Bloody discharge or cerebral spinal fluid may also be evident from various orifices, including the ears, nose, or mouth, or in wounds.
The degree of mental status alteration (mild to comatose) and the various signs will vary depending on the type of trauma, site of damage, degree of damage, and the presence or absence of intracranial hemorrhage.
NEW QUESTION # 40
When reviewing husbandry practices for large animals, always ensure you take a detailed nutritional history. When reviewing hand-fed or stall-fed large animals, you should consider all of the following, except:
Answer: B
Explanation:
Fertilizer programs would be more relevant to animals fed on pastures. However, changes in feeding habits including the type of feed, how rapidly feed is changed or introduced, weather fluctuations causing unavailability of various feeds and roughage, and how they portion out the feed all factor into play when considering stall or hand-fed animals.
For pasture-fed animals, questions we want to ask and document include pasture composition, and then questions related to the nutritive value, including:
*Any changes due to drought or excessive rains
*Do they practice rotational grazing
*Do they have a fertilizer program (which could affect the quality of pasture, and could expose them to toxins) - This is unlikely relevant for non-pasture fed animals as they will not have access to treated areas unless the farmers are making their own feed from the fields treated, but this is unlikely.
*Could there be exposure to minerals and trace elements - top-dressing or actual mineral mix products
*What minerals do they supplement, if any
*Do they have any homemade mixtures they use or feed
*Did the owner have the pasture evaluated by a professional or just their own intuition about the health of the pasture and food nutritional value for the animals
*Do they rotate from one field to another
*Have there been periods with heavy rainfall or too little rainfall
*Availability of fresh drinking water
For animals who are stall- or hand-fed, there is less choice for the animals but more risk of human error causing health issues, including obesity. Ensure you obtain information about:
*Type of feed and quantity fed
*Sources of ingredients - the location where grains are purchased may have different ratios of nutrients
*Are they weighing the feed or measuring it? Measuring can lead to overfeeding more than using the food's
*Weight
*Have they recently changed feed?
*When changing from one food to another, is the new food introduced slowly over time or rapidly? If rapidly changed, this could negatively affect animals, such as those who are pregnant or lactating. These animals have increased metabolic demands, and failure to appropriately introduce new foods could create metabolic imbalances.
*Availability of drinking water
*Have the animals been transported recently?
*Availability of salt? Minerals?
*Level of exercise now and has it recently changed
Also: If feasible, record each animal's:
*Weight
*Body condition score (BCS)
*Body weight measurement (weight tape)
NEW QUESTION # 41
A client wants to breed her two-year-old FI pitbull once because her disposition is amazing. She is very good with children and other dogs and is sweet and mellow. The owner has come to you before breeding to learn everything she can, from conception to whelping to weaning and all in between. The dog is UTD on vaccines, heartworm, and flea/tick prevention, and eats a good quality reputable dog food. The veterinarian does a physical exam and leaves you to review the owner's various questions about gestational length; when to come in for an ultrasound to confirm pregnancy; when to come back to check for the number of fetuses via radiographs, and more. She also remembers reading that she should switch the bitch to puppy food during gestation. You relay that this is correct in order to provide added calories and calcium supplementation in preparation for birth and nursing (milk production).
At what gestational stage do you tell her to put the bitch on a high-quality, readily digestible growth formulation?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A dog's gestational length is approximately 63-65 days, or about 9 weeks. Starting in the third trimester, at about week 5, we want to introduce high-quality, easily digestible puppy food to provide the necessary calcium, phosphorus, and calories needed for fetal growth, milk development, nursing, and energy.
Large/giant breed dogs should only be fed regular puppy food, not a giant breed, as it may not have sufficient fat and calcium or be too low in energy.
Puppy food will be fed throughout the rest of the pregnancy until the puppies are weaned, to ensure adequate calcium supplementation and energy to produce milk and support the babies.
NEW QUESTION # 42
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