Quiz 2026 WGU Professional Introduction-to-Cryptography: Test WGU Introduction to Cryptography HNO1 Cram

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WGU Introduction-to-Cryptography Exam Syllabus Topics:

SectionWeightObjectives
Topic 1: Hash Functions & Data Integrity15%- Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication
- Properties: collision resistance, one-way function
- HMAC construction and application
- Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5
Topic 2: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure25%- Digital signatures: purpose and process
- PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models
- Principles: public/private key pairs
- Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman
- Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation
Topic 3: Cryptography Fundamentals20%- Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation
- Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key
- Historical evolution and modern applications
Topic 4: Symmetric Encryption25%- Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB)
- Key generation, distribution, and management challenges
- Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish
- Principles and operation
Topic 5: Key Management & Secure Protocols10%- Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction
- Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle
- Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP
Topic 6: Implementation & Best Practices5%- Standards and compliance
- Common mistakes and vulnerabilities
- Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes

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WGU Introduction to Cryptography HNO1 Sample Questions (Q15-Q20):

NEW QUESTION # 15
(How does Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode encryption function?)

Answer: D

Explanation:
ECB is the simplest block cipher mode: each plaintext block is encrypted independently using the same key and the block cipher primitive. There is no IV and no chaining, so identical plaintext blocks produce identical ciphertext blocks. This property leaks patterns and structure in the plaintext, which is why ECB is generally considered insecure for most real-world data beyond tiny, random-looking inputs. For example, images encrypted with ECB often reveal outlines because repeated pixel blocks map to repeated ciphertext blocks. Option A describes CTR mode, option C describes CBC mode, and option B resembles feedback-based modes. ECB's independence also means it can be parallelized, but the pattern leakage is a severe weakness. Modern practice prefers authenticated encryption modes (like GCM) or, at minimum, modes with IVs and chaining (like CBC with proper padding and MAC).
Therefore, the correct statement is that ECB encrypts each block with the same key and each block is independent of the others.


NEW QUESTION # 16
(What is the purpose of code-signing in current systems?)

Answer: B

Explanation:
Code-signing is used to provide verifiable assurance that software comes from a known publisher and has not been modified since it was signed. In a typical code-signing workflow, the publisher computes a cryptographic hash (digest) of the executable or package and then creates a digital signature over that digest using the publisher's private key. Operating systems, browsers, and application platforms verify the signature using the corresponding public key (usually delivered via a code-signing certificate chained to a trusted root).
If verification succeeds, the system can trust that the code's contents match what the publisher signed (integrity) and that the signer identity is authenticated by the certificate chain (authenticity). This helps defend against tampering, malware injection, and supply-chain attacks where attackers alter binaries or updates in transit or at rest. Code-signing does not primarily generate randomness, compress data, or authenticate users; it authenticates the software publisher and validates the software artifact. Modern ecosystems also use timestamping and revocation checking to handle certificate expiration and compromised signing keys, reinforcing trust over time.


NEW QUESTION # 17
(What is the maximum key size (in bits) supported by AES?)

Answer: D

Explanation:
AES supports three standardized key sizes: 128, 192, and 256 bits, with a fixed block size of 128 bits.
The maximum of these supported key sizes is 256 bits (AES-256). Key size affects resistance to brute- force key search: larger keys exponentially increase the search space. In practice, AES-128 is already considered strong against brute force with contemporary computing capabilities, while AES-256 is often chosen for compliance requirements, conservative security margins, or to hedge against future advances. AES-512 is not part of the AES standard; if 512-bit keys are desired, systems typically use different constructions (like using AES-256 in certain key-derivation or wrapping schemes) rather than changing AES itself. Therefore, the correct maximum supported AES key size is 256 bits.


NEW QUESTION # 18
(Which authentication method allows a web service installed on a network operating system to prove its identity to a customer?)

Answer: D

Explanation:
One-way server authentication is the standard model used by most TLS-enabled web services to prove the server's identity to a client. In this model, the server presents an X.509 certificate during the TLS handshake.
The client validates the certificate chain to a trusted root CA, checks hostname binding (CN/SAN), validates validity dates, and may check revocation status. If validation succeeds, the client gains cryptographic assurance that it is communicating with the holder of the private key corresponding to the server certificate's public key, and that the certificate is issued to the expected domain/identity. This proves the server's identity to the customer without requiring the customer to present a certificate. Mutual authentication would require both client and server to authenticate each other using certificates (commonly in certain enterprise APIs), but the question asks specifically about the web service proving its identity to the customer, which is satisfied by server-only authentication. One-way client authentication is the opposite direction (client proves identity to server). "End-to-end authentication" is a broader concept and not the specific TLS identity proof mechanism described here. Thus, one-way server authentication is the correct choice.


NEW QUESTION # 19
(What is the maximum key size (in bits) supported by AES?)

Answer: D

Explanation:
AES supports three standardized key sizes: 128, 192, and 256 bits, with a fixed block size of 128 bits. The maximum of these supported key sizes is 256 bits (AES-256). Key size affects resistance to brute-force key search: larger keys exponentially increase the search space. In practice, AES-128 is already considered strong against brute force with contemporary computing capabilities, while AES-256 is often chosen for compliance requirements, conservative security margins, or to hedge against future advances. AES-512 is not part of the AES standard; if 512-bit keys are desired, systems typically use different constructions (like using AES-256 in certain key-derivation or wrapping schemes) rather than changing AES itself. Therefore, the correct maximum supported AES key size is 256 bits.


NEW QUESTION # 20
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