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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cloud Native Application Delivery | 8% | - Delivery Models
|
| Cloud Native Architecture | 16% | - Ecosystem & Landscape
|
| Kubernetes Fundamentals | 46% | - Scheduling and Administration
|
| Container Orchestration | 22% | - Orchestration Principles
|
| Cloud Native Observability | 8% | - Logging & Tracing
|
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339. Frage
You're designing a serverless application that processes large amounts of data using AWS Lambd
a. You need to ensure that your Lambda functions can handle potential spikes in workload without compromising performance. Which of the following approaches would be most effective in achieving this goal?
Antwort: B,C
Begründung:
The most effective approaches to handle workload spikes are implementing a message queue (like SQS or SNS) to buffer requests and enabling concurrency settings on Lambda functions. Option A increases memory but doesn't address scalability. Option C is not relevant to Lambda auto-scaling. Option D is a deployment tool, not directly related to handling workload spikes. Option E directly enables parallel processing, making it a suitable solution.
340. Frage
Which cloud native tool keeps Kubernetes clusters in sync with sources of configuration (like Git repositories), and automates updates to configuration when there is new code to deploy?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Tools that continuously reconcile cluster state to match a Git repository's desired configuration are GitOps controllers, and the best match here is Flux and ArgoCD, so A is correct. GitOps is the practice where Git is the source of truth for declarative system configuration. A GitOps tool continuously compares the desired state (manifests/Helm/Kustomize outputs stored in Git) with the actual state in the cluster and then applies changes to eliminate drift.
Flux and Argo CD both implement this reconciliation loop. They watch Git repositories, detect updates (new commits/tags), and apply the updated Kubernetes resources. They also surface drift and sync status, enabling auditable, repeatable deployments and easy rollbacks (revert Git). This model improves delivery velocity and security because changes flow through code review, and cluster changes can be restricted to the GitOps controller identity rather than ad-hoc human kubectl access.
Option B ("GitOps Toolkit") is related-Flux uses a GitOps Toolkit internally-but the question asks for a "tool" that keeps clusters in sync; the recognized tools are Flux and Argo CD in this list. Option C lists service meshes (traffic/security/telemetry), not deployment synchronization tools. Option D lists packaging/templating tools; Helm and Kustomize help build manifests, but they do not, by themselves, continuously reconcile cluster state to a Git source.
In Kubernetes application delivery, GitOps tools become the deployment engine: CI builds artifacts, updates references in Git (image tags/digests), and the GitOps controller deploys those changes. This separation strengthens traceability and reduces configuration drift. Therefore, A is the verified correct answer.
341. Frage
Fluentd is the leading project in the CNCF space for logging?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
https://github.com/cncf/landscape#trail-map
342. Frage
Which of the following options includes valid API versions?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
Kubernetes API versions follow a consistent naming pattern that indicates stability level and versioning. The valid forms include stable versions like v1, and pre-release versions such as v1alpha1, v1beta1, etc. Option C contains valid-looking Kubernetes version strings-v1alpha1, v2beta3, v2-so C is correct.
In Kubernetes, the "v" prefix is part of the standard for API versions. A stable API uses v1, v2, etc. Pre- release APIs include a stability marker: alpha (earliest, most changeable) and beta (more stable but still may change). The numeric suffix (e.g., alpha1, beta3) indicates iteration within that stability stage.
Option A is invalid because strings like alpha1v1 and beta3v3 do not match Kubernetes conventions (the v comes first, and alpha/beta are qualifiers after the version: v1alpha1). Option B is invalid because alpha1 and beta3 are missing the leading version prefix; Kubernetes API versions are not just "alpha1." Option D includes 2.0, which looks like semantic versioning but is not the Kubernetes API version format. Kubernetes uses v2, not 2.0, for API versions.
Understanding this matters because API versions signal compatibility guarantees. Stable APIs are supported for a defined deprecation window, while alpha/beta APIs may change in incompatible ways and can be removed more easily. When authoring manifests, selecting the correct apiVersion ensures the API server accepts your resource and that controllers interpret fields correctly.
Therefore, among the choices, C is the only option comprised of valid Kubernetes-style API version strings.
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343. Frage
What is the default value for authorization-mode in Kubernetes API server?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
The Kubernetes API server supports multiple authorization modes that determine whether an authenticated request is allowed to perform an action (verb) on a resource. Historically, the API server's default authorization mode was AlwaysAllow, meaning that once a request was authenticated, it would be authorized without further checks. That is why the correct answer here is B.
However, it's crucial to distinguish "default flag value" from "recommended configuration." In production clusters, running with AlwaysAllow is insecure because it effectively removes authorization controls-any authenticated user (or component credential) could do anything the API permits. Modern Kubernetes best practices strongly recommend enabling RBAC (Role-Based Access Control), often alongside Node and Webhook authorization, so that permissions are granted explicitly using Roles/ClusterRoles and RoleBindings
/ClusterRoleBindings. Many managed Kubernetes distributions and kubeadm-based setups commonly enable RBAC by default as part of cluster bootstrap profiles, even if the API server's historical default flag value is AlwaysAllow.
So, the exam-style interpretation of this question is about the API server flag default, not what most real clusters should run. With RBAC enabled, authorization becomes granular: you can control who can read Secrets, who can create Deployments, who can exec into Pods, and so on, scoped to namespaces or cluster- wide. ABAC (Attribute-Based Access Control) exists but is generally discouraged compared to RBAC because it relies on policy files and is less ergonomic and less commonly used. AlwaysDeny is useful for hard lockdown testing but not for normal clusters.
In short: AlwaysAllow is the API server's default mode (answer B), but RBAC is the secure, recommended choice you should expect to see enabled in almost any serious Kubernetes environment.
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344. Frage
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