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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Investment and Financial Markets | - Market participants and their roles - Asset classes and investment products - Structure of financial markets |
| Topic 2: Regulation and Ethics | - Ethical standards in investment advice - Conduct of business and compliance principles - Regulatory environment in financial services |
| Topic 3: Wealth Management Principles | - Risk and return concepts - Portfolio construction basics - Client investment needs and objectives |
| Topic 4: Investment Products and Suitability | - Taxation and charges overview - Equities, bonds, and collective investments - Suitability and client profiling |
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NEW QUESTION # 156
An active portfolio manager is deliberately holding securities in a portfolio in differing proportions from that in which they are weighted within the benchmark. Why are they doing this?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Active management involves taking positions that differ from the benchmark to try to generate excess return, often referred to as alpha. If a portfolio held securities in exactly the same weights as the benchmark, before fees it would deliver benchmark-like performance and would be classified as passive or index tracking. By overweighting securities expected to outperform and underweighting or excluding those expected to underperform, the manager is expressing investment views and accepting active risk, commonly measured by tracking error. This deliberate deviation is the defining feature of active management and is undertaken to outperform after costs. Liquidity considerations and dealing costs can influence how active bets are implemented, but they are not the primary reason for deviating from benchmark weights. Anticipating a benchmark re-weighting is possible, but that is just one specific type of active view and is not the broad objective being tested. The examinable principle is that active managers differ from the benchmark in order to outperform it.
NEW QUESTION # 157
How do passive fund managers use swaps to replicate an index?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Passive fund managers can use synthetic replication to track an index through derivatives like swaps. In this arrangement, the fund agrees to pay a pre-defined return (e.g., LIBOR or a fixed rate) to a counterparty in exchange for the counterparty delivering the total return of the index. This approach allows the fund to replicate index performance without holding the physical securities, reducing costs and eliminating tracking error.
NEW QUESTION # 158
It is impossible to diversify against:
Answer: B
Explanation:
Diversification reduces risk by combining assets whose returns are not perfectly correlated. This is effective for risks that are specific to an individual issuer, sector, or instrument because negative outcomes in one holding may be offset by better outcomes elsewhere. Credit risk can be diversified by spreading exposure across many issuers, sectors, credit qualities, and maturities, reducing the impact of any single default.
Currency risk can be diversified by holding multiple currencies, and it can also be managed through hedging, although it cannot be removed entirely if foreign exposure remains. Liquidity risk can be reduced by holding a mix of liquid assets and by avoiding concentration in instruments that may be hard to sell, although periods of market stress can still reduce liquidity broadly. Market risk, also called systematic risk, is different: it reflects economy-wide and market-wide forces such as recessions, broad interest-rate shifts, and systemic shocks that affect most risky assets at the same time. Because it is common to the whole market, it cannot be eliminated through diversification, only managed through asset allocation, hedging, or reducing overall risk exposure.
NEW QUESTION # 159
Why would a composite benchmark be needed to measure portfolio performance?
Answer: D
Explanation:
* Need for a Composite Benchmark:
* Portfolios that span multiple asset classes (e.g., equities, bonds, commodities) require a composite benchmark to provide a fair performance comparison.
* Single benchmarks (e.g., S&P 500) would not accurately represent multi-asset portfolios.
* Elimination of Other Options:
* A: Composite benchmarks complicate fund management rather than simplify it.
* C: While portfolios are part of the investment universe, this does not necessitate a composite benchmark.
* D: Reducing tracking error is a goal but not the main reason for composite benchmarks.
References:
* ICWIM Module 3: Details on portfolio management and benchmark selection for performance measurement.
NEW QUESTION # 160
Negotiable bearer securities issued by commercial banks in exchange for fixed-term deposits are known as:
Answer: D
Explanation:
A Certificate of Deposit (CD) is a negotiable bearer security issued by banks, representing a fixed-term deposit with a specified interest rate.
* Key Features of CDs:
* Issued by commercial banks.
* Fixed-term investment (e.g., 3 months to 1 year).
* Can be traded in secondary markets, making them a liquid investment.
* Why Not Other Options?
* A (Treasury Bills) # Issued by governments, not banks.
* B (Commercial Paper) # Issued by corporations, not banks.
* C (Bills of Exchange) # Used for trade finance, not fixed-term deposits.
# Reference: Bank of England (Certificates of Deposit), CISI Wealth & Investment Management.
NEW QUESTION # 161
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