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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Data Protection | 22% | - Database encryption and access control - Design and implement encryption solutions for data at rest and in transit - AWS CloudTrail and encryption key audit - AWS Key Management Service (KMS) and customer managed keys - Amazon S3 security best practices |
| Identity and Access Management | 20% | - Design and implement cross-account access management - Design and implement identity and access management architecture - Implement temporary credentials and federation - Troubleshoot IAM-based authentication and authorization issues |
| Incident Response | 12% | - Determine root cause and recurrence prevention - Given an AWS security incident, outline the investigation and mitigation steps - Identify, collect, and preserve forensic evidence |
| Infrastructure Security | 26% | - Design and implement host-based security - AWS Secret Manager and AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store - Architect network security segmentation (VPC architecture) - Design and implement edge security on AWS |
| Logging and Monitoring | 20% | - Design and implement log analysis and management - Troubleshoot security monitoring and alerting - Design and implement monitoring and alerting solutions |
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NEW QUESTION # 192
A company uses Amazon EC2 instances to host frontend services behind an Application Load Balancer.
Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volumes are attached to the EC2 instances. The company uses Amazon S3 buckets to store large files for images and music. The company has implemented a security architecture on AWS to prevent, identify, and isolate potential ransomware attacks. The company now wants to further reduce risk. A security engineer must develop a disaster recovery solution that can recover to normal operations if an attacker bypasses preventive and detective controls. The solution must meet an RPO of1 hour.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
Answer: D
Explanation:
An RPO of1 hourmeans the company must be able to restore data with at most60 minutes of loss. Option A directly meets this by usingAWS Backupto takehourly backupsof both the compute layer (EC2) and the data layer (S3). AWS Backup provides centralized policy-based scheduling, retention, and (when configured) immutable protections such as Backup Vault Lock to help defend backups from tampering-important in ransomware recovery scenarios. Backing up the S3 buckets hourly also addresses recovery of critical objects such as images and music that users rely on.
In addition, recovery to "normal operations" is not only about data restoration; it also requires rapidly re- creating infrastructure reliably. UsingAWS CloudFormation templatesstored in aversion-controlled Git repositorysupports consistent, repeatable rebuilds of the ALB, EC2 fleet configuration, IAM roles, security groups, and related components. This infrastructure-as-code approach reduces human error under incident pressure and accelerates disaster recovery execution.
Option B fails the RPO because daily backups can lose up to 24 hours of data. Option C focuses on logging
/governance rather than backups and does not establish a 1-hour recovery point. Option D also fails the RPO (4-hour snapshots) and is reactive to a specific finding type rather than a comprehensive DR plan for EC2 and S3.
NEW QUESTION # 193
A company wants to establish separate AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) keys to use for different AWS services. The company's security engineer created a key policy to allow the infrastructure deployment team to create encrypted Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volumes by assuming the InfrastructureDeployment IAM role. The security engineer recently discovered that IAM roles other than the InfrastructureDeployment role used this key for other services.
Which change to the policy should the security engineer make to resolve these issues?
Answer: A
Explanation:
AWS KMS key policies can restrict how and where a key is used by leveraging condition keys such as kms:
ViaService. According to the AWS Certified Security - Specialty documentation, kms:ViaService limits key usage to requests that originate from a specific AWS service in a specific Region. If this condition is overly broad or incorrect, other IAM roles and services may unintentionally use the key.
By explicitly setting the kms:ViaService condition value to ec2.us-east-1.amazonaws.com, the key policy ensures that the KMS key can only be used when requests are made through the Amazon EC2 service in that Region, such as for EBS volume encryption. This prevents other services or unintended IAM roles from using the key.
Option A weakens the condition logic and can broaden access. Option B removes essential permissions that allow IAM policies to function with KMS keys and is not recommended. Option D relates to administrative control of the key, not service-level usage restrictions.
AWS best practices recommend using kms:ViaService and precise condition values to enforce service- specific key usage and strong separation of duties.
Referenced AWS Specialty Documents:
AWS Certified Security - Specialty Official Study Guide
AWS KMS Key Policy Condition Keys
AWS KMS Best Practices
NEW QUESTION # 194
A security engineer discovers that a company ' s user passwords have no required minimum length. The company is using the following two identity providers (IdPs):
* AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) federated with on-premises Active Directory
* Amazon Cognito user pools that contain the user database for an AWS Cloud application that the company developed Which combination of actions should the security engineer take to implement a required minimum length for the passwords? (Select TWO.)
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
The company uses two different identity systems, and password policy must be enforcedat the system that actually stores and manages the passwords. For users authenticating throughIAM federation with on-premises Active Directory, IAM is not storing the users' passwords; the password policy is enforced byActive Directory. Therefore, the minimum password length must be configured in theon-premises AD password policyso federated users are subject to the requirement during password creation/changes.
For the cloud application that usesAmazon Cognito user poolsas its user database, Cognitodoesstore and manage user passwords for those users. Cognito user pools include a configurable password policy (minimum length and complexity requirements). Updating the Cognito user pool password policy enforces the required minimum length for the application's users going forward.
Options D and E are not applicable. Service control policies (SCPs) restrict AWS API actions; they cannot enforce end-user password-length rules inside AD or Cognito. Similarly, IAM policies control authorization to AWS resources and APIs, not password complexity/length requirements across external IdPs or Cognito user databases. Updating IAM password policy (Option A) would apply only toIAM users(local users in AWS), which is not the authentication model described for the federated workforce.
NEW QUESTION # 195
A company operates a web application that runs on Amazon EC2 instances. The application listens on port 80 and port 443. The company uses an Application Load Balancer (ALB) with AWS WAF to terminate SSL and to forward traffic to the application instances only on port 80.
The ALB is in public subnets that are associated with a network ACL named NACL1. The application instances are in dedicated private subnets that are associated with a network ACL named NACL2. An Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL DB instance that uses port 5432 is in a dedicated private subnet that is associated with a network ACL named NACL3. All the network ACLs currently allow all inbound and outbound traffic.
Which set of network ACL changes will increase the security of the application while ensuring functionality?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Network ACLs are stateless subnet-level controls, so both request traffic and return traffic must be explicitly allowed. The PostgreSQL database subnet should allow inbound TCP 5432 only from the application subnet CIDR blocks, not from the internet or unrelated subnets. Because return traffic from the database uses ephemeral destination ports on the client side, the outbound rule from the database subnet must allow TCP 1024-65536 back to the application instance subnets. Option A is invalid because network ACL rules use CIDR blocks, not other NACL names as sources or destinations. Options C and D modify only the application subnet NACL and fail to correctly restrict and allow database subnet return traffic.
NEW QUESTION # 196
A company uses AWS Organizations to manage an organization that consists of three workload OUs:
Production, Development, and Testing. The company uses AWS CloudFormation templates to define and deploy workload infrastructure in AWS accounts that are associated with the OUs. Different SCPs are attached to each workload OU.
The company successfully deployed a CloudFormation stack update to workloads in the Development OU and the Testing OU. When the company uses the same CloudFormation template to deploy the stack update in an account in the Production OU, the update fails. The error message reports insufficient IAM permissions.
What is the FIRST step that a security engineer should take to troubleshoot this issue?
Answer: A
Explanation:
AWS CloudTrail provides a record of all API calls made in an AWS account, including calls initiated by AWS CloudFormation. According to the AWS Certified Security - Specialty Study Guide, CloudTrail is the primary source for troubleshooting authorization failures because it records denied actions and the policy type that caused the denial, including service control policies.
Reviewing CloudTrail logs allows a security engineer to identify which specific API calls failed during the CloudFormation deployment and whether the denial was caused by an SCP, an IAM policy, or a permission boundary. This evidence-based approach is the recommended first step before making any configuration changes.
Option B is unsafe and violates governance best practices by removing SCPs in production. Option C may be necessary later, but it does not identify whether SCPs are the root cause. Option D introduces unnecessary risk and bypasses the purpose of differentiated controls across OUs.
AWS documentation emphasizes observing and validating before modifying security controls, making CloudTrail log analysis the correct initial troubleshooting step.
Referenced AWS Specialty Documents:
AWS Certified Security - Specialty Official Study Guide
AWS Organizations Service Control Policies
AWS CloudTrail Authorization Failure Analysis
NEW QUESTION # 197
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