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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile |
| Cluster Setup | 10% | - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Understand the container build process - Minimize base image footprint - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Sign container images and verify signatures - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Use distroless images for static workload |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior |
| Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Understand and monitor network traffic - Detect threats at the container level - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Enable audit logging - Modify host components to improve security - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl |
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NEW QUESTION # 36
Your Kubernetes cluster has a NodePort service exposing a web application on port 30080. You want to restrict access to the service from specific IP addresses, while allowing all traffic from within the cluster You need to implement this access control using a NetworkPolicy.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a NetworkP01icy:
- Define a NetworkPoIicy resource with a 'podSelector' that matches all pods in the cluster (e.g., 'matchLabeIs: {}' )
- Create an 'ingress' rule that allows traffic from the allowed IP addresses.
- Add a 'from' field to specify the allowed IP addresses.
- Ensure that the 'pot field is set to the NodePort service port (30080) and the 'protocor is 'TCP'
2. Apply the NetworkPolicy: - Apply the YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f nodeport-access-policy.yaml 3. Verify the NetworkPoIicy: - Use 'kubectl get networkpolicies' to list the available network policies. - Use 'kubectl describe networkpolicy nodeport-access-policy' to view the details of the applied policy. 4. Test the NetworkPolicy: - Attempt to access the NodePort service from an allowed IP address and verifry' that the connection is successful. - Attempt to access the NodePort service from a blocked IP address and verify that the connection is denied.
NEW QUESTION # 37
You are using a container image signed by a trusted entity. Describe the steps involved in verifying the signature of the image during the image pull process in Kubernetes.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Generate the Signature:
- The trusted entity uses a signing key and algorithm to create a signature for the container image.
- The signature is typically stored as a separate file or within a manifest file associated with the image.
2. Configure the Kubernetes Cluster:
- Enable the 'ImageSignatureVerification' feature gate in your Kubernetes cluster. This feature gate enables the cluster to verity image signatures-
- Configure the 'ImageP01icyWebh00k' to point to a custom webnook server that will handle the signature verification process.
3. Implement the Webhook Server:
- Create a custom webhook server that will be responsible for verifying the image signature.
- This server will:
- Receive tne image manifest and signature from Kubernetes.
- Validate the signature using the trusted entity's public key.
- Return a success or failure status to Kubernetes based on the verification outcome.
4. Pull the Signed Image:
- When you pull the signed image from the registry, Kubernetes will:
- Fetch the image manifest and signature.
- Send them to the 'ImagePolicyWebhooR for verification.
- If the webhook returns a success status, the image will be allowed to run.
- If the webhook returns a failure status, the image will be rejected.
5. Example Implementation:
- You can use tools like 'cosign' or 'sigstores to generate and verify image signatures.
- Implement the webhook server using a programming language like Go or Python.
# Example using cosign to verify a signature cosign verify -key
- This command will use the provided public key to verify the signature of the specified image.
6. Security Considerations:
- Ensure that the webhook server is secure and only accessible to authorized Kubernetes components.
- Use robust authentication and authorization mechanisms for the webh00k server.
- Consider implementing rate limiting to protect against potential denial-of-service attacks.
NEW QUESTION # 38
SIMULATION
Documentation Secrets, TLS Secrets, Volumes
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000m40
Path
Key
Context
You must complete securing access to a web server using SSL files stored in a TLS Secret .
Task
Create a TLS Secret named clever-cactus in the clever-cactus namespace for an existing Deployment named clever-cactus.
Use the following SSL files:
File
Certificate /home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.crt
/home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.key
The Deployment is already configured to use the TLS Secret.
Do not modify the existing Deployment.
Failure to do so may result in a reduced score.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000m40
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) Verify namespace exists (quick check)
kubectl get ns clever-cactus
3) Verify certificate and key files exist
ls -l /home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.crt
ls -l /home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.key
Both files must exist.
4) Create the TLS Secret (THIS IS THE MAIN TASK)
Create a TLS Secret named clever-cactus in namespace clever-cactus:
kubectl -n clever-cactus create secret tls clever-cactus \
--cert=/home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.crt \
--key=/home/candidate/clever-cactus/web.k8s.local.key
Do NOT use apply
Do NOT edit the Deployment
5) Verify the Secret
kubectl -n clever-cactus get secret clever-cactus
Expected type:
kubernetes.io/tls
Optional detail check:
kubectl -n clever-cactus describe secret clever-cactus
You should see:
tls.crt
tls.key
6) (Optional) Confirm Pods are running
Since the Deployment is already configured to use the Secret, Pods should now work.
kubectl -n clever-cactus get pods
NEW QUESTION # 39
You are configuring a Kubernetes cluster with a deployment named 'secure-app' that uses a secret named 'my-secret to access sensitive information You need to implement an Admission Controller webhook to enforce a policy that prevents the deployment from starting if the 'my-secret secret is not present in the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Deployment with a Secret Dependency:
- Create a Deployment YAML file named 'secure-app-deployment.yaml that depends on the 'my-secret secret.
2. Create the Admission Controller Webhook Server: - You will need to create a server that will implement the Admission Controller webhook logic This can be a simple web server written in any language that can receive and process AdmissionReview requests. - Here's an example in Node.js using the 'express' framework:
3. Configure the Admission Controller Webhook in Kubernetes: - Create a ValidatingWebhookConfiguration YAML file named 'secure-app-webhook.yaml that specifies the webhook configuration:
- Create the Webhook Service: - Create a Service YAML file named 'secure-app-webhook-service.yamr to expose the webhook server:k
4. Apply the Webhook Configuration and Service: - Apply the YAML files using kubectl apply -f secure-app-webhook.yaml secure-app-webhook-service.yaml 5. Test the Admission Controller: - Try creating the 'secure-app' deployment without the 'my-secret' secret. The deployment creation should fail, and you should see the message from the webhook server - Create the 'my-secret' secret and then try creating the 'secure-app' deployment again. The deployment should now be created successfully.
NEW QUESTION # 40
SIMULATION
Documentation
Installing the Sidecar, PeerAuthentication, Deployments
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000041
Context
A microservices-based application using unencrypted Layer 4 (L4) transport must be secured with Istio.
Task
Perform the following tasks to secure an existing application's Layer 4 (L4) transport communication using Istio.
Istio is installed to secure Layer 4 (L4) communications.
You may use your browser to access Istio's documentation.
First, ensure that all Pods in the mtls namespace have the istio-proxy sidecar injected.
Next, configure mutual authentication in strict mode for all workloads in the mtls namespace.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
Below is the CKS exam-ready, step-by-step solution for QUESTION 15.
Follow exactly in this order. No extra changes.
QUESTION 15 - Istio mTLS (EXAM MODE)
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000041
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) Ensure sidecar injection is enabled for the mtls namespace
2.1 Check current namespace labels
kubectl get ns mtls --show-labels
2.2 Enable automatic Istio sidecar injection
kubectl label namespace mtls istio-injection=enabled --overwrite
Verify:
kubectl get ns mtls --show-labels | grep istio-injection
Expected:
istio-injection=enabled
3) Ensure ALL Pods get the istio-proxy sidecar
Existing Pods will not get sidecars automatically.
You must restart workloads in the namespace.
3.1 Restart all Deployments in mtls
kubectl -n mtls rollout restart deployment
3.2 Verify Pods now have 2 containers (app + istio-proxy)
kubectl -n mtls get pods
Then check one Pod:
kubectl -n mtls get pod <pod-name> -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[*].name}{"\n"}' Expected output includes:
istio-proxy
4) Configure mutual TLS (mTLS) in STRICT mode
4.1 Create a PeerAuthentication for the mtls namespace
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
name: mtls-strict
namespace: mtls
spec:
mtls:
mode: STRICT
EOF
5) Verify mTLS policy is applied
kubectl -n mtls get peerauthentication
kubectl -n mtls describe peerauthentication mtls-strict
Expected:
Mode: STRICT
6) Final verification (exam confidence check)
6.1 Confirm all Pods are Running
kubectl -n mtls get pods
6.2 Confirm sidecar injection everywhere
kubectl -n mtls get pods -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{" -> "}{.spec.containers[*].name}{"\n"}{end}' Each line must include istio-proxy.
NEW QUESTION # 41
......
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