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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Tunnels | 5-8% | - GRE and IP-IP tunnels - Tunnel configuration and usage |
| Topic 2: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) | 20-25% | - Path selection and attributes - Policy and route filtering - IBGP and EBGP - Configuration and troubleshooting - Basic operation and message types |
| Topic 3: Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) | 12-18% | - Configuration and monitoring - Segment routing basics - LDP and RSVP - Labels and LIB - Terminology and forwarding |
| Topic 4: Spanning Tree Protocols | 8-12% | - Configuration and convergence - STP, RSTP, MSTP, VSTP - BPDU and protection features - Port roles and states |
| Topic 5: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) | 15-20% | - Link-state database - Areas and router types - Configuration and troubleshooting - LSA types and operation |
| Topic 6: Protocol-Independent Routing | 10-15% | - Routing instances and RIB groups - Filter-based forwarding - Martian addresses - Static, aggregate, and generated routes - Load balancing |
| Topic 7: IPv6 | 8-12% | - Static and dynamic routing - Autoconfiguration - OSPFv3 and BGP for IPv6 - Address types and format |
| Topic 8: Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) | 10-15% | - Configuration and monitoring - Adjacencies and levels - Metrics and wide metrics - PDUs and TLVs |
| Topic 9: Layer 2 Bridging and VLANs | 8-12% | - Bridging concepts - Service provider switching features - VLANs and trunking |
| Topic 10: High Availability | 5-8% | - Graceful restart - NSR and GRES concepts - Nonstop active routing |
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問題 #65
Click the Exhibit button. Referring to the exhibit, why is the ge-0/0/0.0 interface shown as belonging to Level 3?
答案：B
解題說明：
In Junos IS-IS output, Level 3 indicates that the adjacency is operating for both Level 1 and Level
2. This shorthand appears for point-to-point interfaces where a single adjacency can simultaneously support both IS-IS levels between the routers.
問題 #66
What prevents routing loops in a single-area OSPF network?
答案：B
解題說明：
OSPF uses the Dijkstra shortest path first (SPF) algorithm to calculate loop-free paths through the network based on the link-state database. Because every router has a synchronized view of the network topology and independently runs the SPF algorithm, the resulting routing table calculations inherently prevent routing loops.
問題 #67
What are three extension headers supported by IPv6? (Choose three.)
答案：A,D,E
解題說明：
One of the most significant architectural improvements in IPv6 is the move from a complex, variable-length header (as seen in IPv4) to a streamlined, fixed-length base header of 40 bytes. Additional functionality that was previously handled by "Options" in IPv4 is now moved toExtension Headers, which are inserted between the IPv6 base header and the upper-layer protocol (TCP/UDP).
According to Juniper Networks technical documentation and RFC 8200, the following are valid IPv6 Extension Headers:
* Hop-by-Hop Options (Option B):This header carries optional information that must be examined by every node along the delivery path. It is used for features like the Router Alert and Jumbo Payload options.
* Fragment (Option E):Unlike IPv4, where any router can fragment a packet, in IPv6, fragmentation is performed only by the source node. The Fragment header contains the information necessary for the destination to reassemble the packet (Offset, Identification, and More Fragments flag).
* Destination Options (Option A):This header carries information intended only for the destination node. It can appear twice: once before a routing header and once after.
Why other options are incorrect:
* Protocol (Option C):In IPv4, this was a field in the header. In IPv6, this is replaced by theNext Header field, which identifies the type of the following header (whether it's an extension header or the upper- layer protocol).
* Header Checksum (Option D):This field was entirely removed in IPv6. IPv6 relies on the data link layer (Ethernet) and the transport layer (TCP/UDP) to perform error detection, significantly reducing the processing overhead for routers in the core of a service provider network.
問題 #68
Exhibit:
user@Router-1> show route 172.24/16
inet.0: 9 destinations, 9 routes (9 active, 0 holddown, 0 hidden)
+ = Active Route, - = Last Active, * = Both
...
172.24.0.0/24 *[OSPF/150] 01:31:31, metric 0, tag 0
> to 172.20.0.2 via ge-0/0/2.0
to 172.20.1.2 via ge-0/0/3.0
user@Router-1> show route forwarding-table
Routing table: default.inet
Internet:
Destination Type RtRef Next hop Type Index NhRef Netif
...
172.24.0.0/24 user 0
172.20.0.2 ucst 551 2 ge-0/0/2.0
172.20.1.2 ucst 552 2 ge-0/0/3.0
Referring to the exhibit, which two statements are true? (Choose two.)
答案：B,C
解題說明：
In Junos OS, understanding the distinction between theRouting Information Base (RIB)and theForwarding Information Base (FIB)is fundamental to analyzing traffic patterns and load-balancing behavior. The RIB (show route) contains all prefixes learned via various protocols, while the FIB (show route forwarding-table) contains only the active next-hops that are actually programmed into the Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE).
According to Juniper Networks technical documentation, the default behavior for Junos OS when encounteringEqual-Cost Multipath (ECMP)routes is to select only a single next-hop from the available candidates in the RIB and install that single path into the FIB. In a default state, even if the show route output displays multiple next-hops for a destination like 172.24.0.0/24, only one would have the active route symbol (
>) and only that one would appear in the forwarding table.
In the provided exhibit, the show route output shows two next-hops for 172.24.0.0/24, but only the first one (172.20.0.2) is marked with the>symbol as the active selection. However, the subsequent show route forwarding-table output reveals thatboth next-hops(172.20.0.2 and 172.20.1.2) are currently present in the forwarding table for that same destination. This discrepancy indicates that thedefault load-balancing behavior has been modified (Option B). This modification is typically achieved by creating a routing policy with the action then load-balance per-packet (which actually results in flow-based load balancing) and applying it to the forwarding table via the export statement under [edit routing-options forwarding-table].
Because the forwarding table now contains both next-hops, the router is no longer restricted to a single path.
Therefore, therouter will choose both next-hops in the routing table (Option D)for packet forwarding, distributing flows across the two available Gigabit Ethernet interfaces (ge-0/0/2.0 and ge-0/0/3.0). This ensures higher utilized bandwidth and provides redundancy at the data plane level.
問題 #69
Which two protocols would be used for dynamic routing in IPv6 environments? (Choose two.)
答案：A,B
解題說明：
IS-IS supports IPv6 routing using the Integrated IS-IS extensions, which allow the protocol to carry IPv6 reachability information using TLVs defined for IPv6.
BGP supports IPv6 routing through Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) extensions that allow the exchange of IPv6 network prefixes between peers using the IPv6 address family.
問題 #70
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