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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Policy enforcement modes - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Transparent traffic encryption |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
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NEW QUESTION # 22
Which proxy does Cilium use to enforce HTTP and other Layer 7 (L7) policies specified in network policies for the cluster?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium uses Envoy as its userspace Layer 7 proxy. When a Cilium policy contains HTTP or another supported application-layer rule, Cilium's eBPF datapath identifies matching traffic and redirects it to a node-local Envoy instance. Envoy evaluates the application-layer attributes-such as HTTP method, path, or headers- against the generated policy configuration and then forwards or rejects the request.
The proxy can operate in embedded mode as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod or as the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. Both deployment forms use Cilium's optimized Envoy distribution and custom policy-enforcement filters. Communication between the agent and Envoy uses local UNIX-domain sockets for configuration, access logs, and administrative operations.
HAProxy is a capable general-purpose load balancer, but it is not Cilium's L7 policy proxy. Squid primarily serves forward and caching proxy use cases. linkerd2-proxy belongs to the Linkerd service mesh and is not used by Cilium for network-policy enforcement. Consequently, only D identifies the proxy integrated into Cilium's L7 datapath.
Official references
Cilium Envoy , Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction
Study Guide topic: Envoy proxy integration and Layer 7 policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which statement about Cilium's identity-based security model is correct?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium derives a workload's security identity from its security-relevant labels. Network policies then refer to workload characteristics such as application, role, environment, namespace, or service account rather than depending exclusively on transient pod IP addresses. The identity is associated with traffic in the Cilium datapath and validated when policy is enforced. This makes B the accurate description.
The identity is not limited to a single pod. Endpoints that have the same set of identity-relevant labels can share the same numeric security identity, including endpoints located on different cluster nodes. This reduces policy-map growth and allows policy to scale with logical application groups rather than with the number of pod addresses. Namespace information is normally among the labels used to derive identity, but that does not make an identity inherently "tied to a single namespace" as option A states.
Options C and D invert Cilium's design. IP addresses remain necessary for packet delivery, but they are not the primary security identifier for Cilium-managed workloads. Pods can be recreated and assigned new addresses while retaining the same relevant labels and therefore the same security intent. Decoupling identity from addressing is precisely what improves scalability and operational stability.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identity ; Introduction to Cilium and Hubble .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which question does Hubble provide the information to answer?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble provides network and security flow observability derived from Cilium's datapath. Its flow records include source and destination workloads, namespaces, identities, ports, protocols, forwarding verdicts, and drop reasons. Hubble can therefore identify services or workloads whose connections were rejected by network policy. The Hubble CLI supports filtering by verdict, such as --verdict DROPPED , and official examples show events labeled Policy denied DROPPED . These capabilities directly answer the question posed in option D.
Option B, which is marked as correct in the supplied bank, is not supported by the stated functionality.
Hubble may expose network-layer or supported application-layer metadata, including DNS and HTTP information when Layer 7 visibility is configured, but it is not a database query profiler and cannot determine which internal SQL statement ran longest merely from ordinary Hubble flows. Similarly, CPU utilization is a workload-resource metric normally obtained through Kubernetes metrics, Prometheus, or another monitoring system. Cilium BGP configuration is examined through Cilium configuration and BGP status commands rather than inferred from Hubble network flows.
The supplied answer key should therefore be corrected from B to D.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 25
You want to consult the current Cilium configuration using the Cilium CLI. Which command should you use?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
cilium config view is the Cilium CLI command intended to display the current configuration. It reads the configuration associated with the selected Kubernetes context, Cilium namespace, and Helm release and presents the relevant settings for inspection. This makes D the direct answer.
cilium status performs a different function. It reports the health and readiness of Cilium components such as the agent DaemonSet, operator, Envoy, Hubble Relay, and Cluster Mesh. Although status output may reveal a small amount of deployment information, it is not a complete configuration-viewing command.
cilium sysdump collects a comprehensive troubleshooting archive containing Kubernetes resources, component logs, command output, configuration data, and other diagnostic evidence. It is appropriate when preparing a support bundle, but it is unnecessarily broad for simply consulting the current configuration.
cilium context deals with Kubernetes context selection or inspection rather than displaying Cilium's configured values.
The Cilium CLI organizes configuration operations under the cilium config command group. Related subcommands include set , delete , and view . Because the requested action is read-only inspection of the existing settings, view is the appropriate subcommand.
Official references
Cilium CLI `config view` .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 26
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 27
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