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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Surgical Nursing | - Sterile technique and instrumentation - Preoperative and postoperative care |
| Topic 2: Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Topic 3: Diagnostic Imaging | - Radiography positioning and safety - Image processing and interpretation basics |
| Topic 4: Anesthesia | - Anesthetic monitoring - Anesthetic protocols and equipment |
| Topic 5: Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Topic 6: Dentistry | - Dental prophylaxis procedures - Oral anatomy and disease recognition |
| Topic 7: Laboratory Procedures | - Hematology and clinical pathology - Urinalysis and microbiology |
| Topic 8: Animal Care and Nursing | - Nutrition and husbandry - Patient handling and restraint |
| Topic 9: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
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NEW QUESTION # 513
You are giving a report to the veterinarian monitoring post-op surgeries. Which of the following would not effectively communicate your concerns about the pet's pain level?
Answer: C
Explanation:
When conveying to the veterinarian that you think a patient needs pain medications, you need to provide detailed reasoning for your reply. If you simply ask if you can give her something for pain, most veterinarians will say 'no' and ask follow-up questions like why you think she needs something or when the last pain med was given.
You would want to approach the veterinarian after properly assessing the patient.
Findings of pain such as restlessness, agitation, inability to find a comfortable position, and lack of appetite would justify why you feel the patient is painful and would benefit from pain medication. By giving the veterinarian detailed information, including things you have already tried, such as offering food and water and ensuring the pet doesn't have to go outside but still appears restless and uncomfortable, this portrays a picture to the veterinarian and suggests that you actually evaluated the patient instead of simply read a treatment sheet. If you then ask if you can give a medication that you know worked previously to see if this helps ease the patient's suffering and allows her to sleep, you are more apt to properly convey the pain level of the pet, as well as your concerns and solution to the issue.
NEW QUESTION # 514
Bexagliflozin is the new oral diabetic agent recently approved for use in cats in the U.S. What is the mechanism of action for this drug?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Bexacat or Bexagliflozin is a new oral diabetic drug recently approved by the FDA in the U.S. It is an SGLT2 inhibitor (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2). SLGT2 is present in the kidneys and is responsible for 97% of glucose resorption that would otherwise be excreted via micturition. SGLT1 works by reabsorbing glucose from the intestinal tract.
Inhibiting this transporter causes a dumping of sugar in the urine and prevents (hopefully) hyperglycemia, thereby preventing the secondary negative effects of diabetes.
However, the drug can only be used in cats who are not yet on insulin (and have never been on insulin). It will only work in cats who still produce their own insulin (type 2 diabetics). Usually, cats who are recently diagnosed as diabetic and are not ketotic are considered most likely to respond.
All other options are possible diabetic medications currently available in people but have either not been shown effective in cats or not yet been utilized/studied in cats. These other options include sulfonylureas, e.g., glipizide, incretin mimetics (glucagon-like peptide 1 or GLP-1 receptor agonist), e.g., Byetta and Victoza, or a DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) inhibitor, e.g., Ozempic. While sulfonylureas are oral, the other options are currently injectable. Thus, even if cats responded, it isn't as beneficial as an oral option. However, the frequency of administration may be less than with insulin.
NEW QUESTION # 515
What symptom can diazepam cause following IM injection?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Diazepam is a commonly used benzodiazepine. It is not water soluble, instead, using propylene glycol as the carrier, so when injected IM, it causes pain and is erratically absorbed. Midazolam has similar intended effects to diazepam, but, since water soluble, can be given IM without pain or absorption problems.
Bradycardia and hypotension may occur when diazepam is given rapidly IV, but this drug class is considered relatively safe. It is not associated with apnea.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 1014.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 464.
NEW QUESTION # 516
You have treated a dog for acute collapse and diagnosed a hemoabdomen. You have reviewed surgery, complications, risks, cost, and post-op prognosis with and without adjunct care. Ultimately, due to cost concerns and declining quality of life, the owners elect humane euthanasia. They have young children with them and are so upset that they aren't even sure how to address it with them.
When talking to children about death, all of the following are true, except:
Answer: B
Explanation:
We need to be straightforward, honest, and accurate in our descriptions with kids. Do not be vague, as this could lead to confusion and misunderstanding. Do not use euphemisms like "put to sleep". Kids may fear going to sleep themselves, fearing they may never wake up. Or they may think the pet is taking a nap and will wake up and be with them again.
In addition to being honest, we want to use accurate terms such as "death" and "dying". We do not want to sugarcoat reality or lie, but we want to make our explanations simple and easy to understand. Ensure that the child comprehends the meaning of dying: that the pet will not be coming back.
Providing kids permission to be present but letting them know if they cannot be in the room and want to leave, they may do so. If the kids are young, have a staff member waiting outside in case they become uncomfortable or too emotional to remain in the room. In that case, someone is out there to watch them for the parents.
Have either books or a list of resources online to provide the pet owners that review pet loss for kids. Providing access to resources or options can help the family grieve, and help the children understand what has happened and how to move forward.
NEW QUESTION # 517
You will be evaluating a farm with alpaca and llama herds. Before going to the farm, you want to refresh your memory on key body language cues for camelids so that you are prepared, remain safe, and keep your veterinarian and the animals safe.
All of the following suggest that a llama or alpaca is threatened, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
The camelid species is very big on non-verbal cues (and verbal ones). They may spit, stomp, rear, or kick as well. Biting is usually a last resort and generally only between intact males who are sparring. Be wary of spitting, though, and recognize when they may do so. Spitting means that they are spitting their stomach contents and saliva at you. Watching for behavioral and attitude changes may help prevent this stage from developing.
Camelid body language includes:
*Calm: The tail is flat against their butt, the ears are relaxed-slightly forward-and horizontal to lateral atop the head. They may be humming or have no vocalization. (Humming is a normal camelid behavior that is generally pleasant sounding and quiet.)
*On alert: The ears are cocked forward and the tail is carried at the horizontal to a 45-degree angle above the horizontal plane. They may be tongue-clicking or snorting (loose lips with a short burst of air).
*Alarmed: The ears are pointed forward, the tail is 45 degrees above the horizontal, and they will often vocalize with neighing-like sounds or a high-pitched whistling.
*Threatened or aggressive: The nose is pointed toward the sky, the ears are flat against the neck, and the tail is completely vertical. They often scream or grumble (very frightened/fearful) or screech (about to fight).
*Submissive: The front legs are slightly bent and the head and neck are carried low. The ears are held normally or above the horizontal, and the tail is carried curved over the back. They do not usually vocalize.
An animal at any stage could decide to spit, but usually they have to be on high alert or feel threatened. When they are about to spit, they will pin their ears back, and you will hear a gulping/gurgling-like sound that seems to come from the throat. Then, you will see them spit up stomach contents with saliva. They can spit pretty far, one to two meters, and in any direction. Further, they are adept at spitting directly into people and their faces or hair. Alpacas may spit more than llamas, but any camelid can spit. Hence, monitoring behavior is important to anticipate spitting, kicking, and other behavioral changes, as well as for response to evaluation and signs of pain.
NEW QUESTION # 518
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