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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Sample collection, handling and processing - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology |
| Topic 2: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Physical examination, patient assessment |
| Topic 3: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Topic 4: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Image quality assessment and documentation |
| Topic 5: Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
| Topic 6: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Practice management, team collaboration - Client education, communication techniques |
| Topic 7: Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management |
| Topic 8: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Topic 9: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents |
| Topic 10: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
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NEW QUESTION # 679
When euthanizing large animals/food animals or zoo/wildlife, we don't always have the luxury of a calm animal and then placing an IV catheter and giving an intravenous injection. Sometimes, we may need to dart the animal to catch it. Other times, we may be culling large groups of animals at a time, whether for slaughter or disease eradication.
According to the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) and in accordance with the AVMA guidelines, all of the following euthanasia measures may be utilized by appropriately trained personnel, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Methods considered acceptable for equine euthanasia include:
1. Lethal IV doses of barbiturates (as are utilized in small animal medicine)
2. Gunshot to the brain, ideally with pre-sedation
3. Penetrating captive bolt to the brain with a bolt specifically intended for euthanasia, ideally with pre-sedation
4. Lidocaine hydrochloride 2% (intrathecal) with the horse in a surgical anesthetic plane (directly into the spinal cord or subarachnoid space where it mixes with the cerebral spinal fluid and enters the brain)
5. A concentrated solution of either IV magnesium sulfate or IV potassium chloride while the horse is under a surgical plane of anesthesia
6. Alternative methods may be necessary and used at the veterinarian's discretion in special situations.
Remember that, as with small animal medicine, our goal with euthanasia is not humane killing (where there may be time for distress, pain, and suffering) but to end an animal's life peacefully and give them a good quality death.
Further, when considering euthanasia in large animals, make sure you are aware of local regulations and laws and the final disposition intent of the horse. If burial is considered, some regions will not permit pentobarbital use due to environmental risks.
NEW QUESTION # 680
You are admitting a ferret for a dental cleaning and evaluation under anesthesi a. You obtain intake information and ask the owner when the ferret last ate. She presents to the hospital at 8:00 am and states the last meal was at 8:00 pm the night before.
What complication are you concerned may develop in this patient without intervention before anesthesia?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Ferrets have short GI transit times and should only be fasted for a maximum of three to four hours. Even if they have not been fasted and require anesthesia, they often do not have issues with vomiting. Additionally, antiemetics can always be used if there is concern that they ate too recently before an anesthetic event. However, in this patient, our concern is that the patient has gone 12 hours without eating. This is not common for the species, and ferrets, prone to hypoglycemia, should never be fasted that long.
Consequently, you are concerned that this patient may already have low blood sugar. It would be prudent to check the patient's blood sugar upon admission and develop a plan of action with the veterinarian moving forward.
Hypothermia is a common complication of ferrets during anesthesia but would not pertain to the duration of fasting.
Vomiting is an uncommon event, even with minimal fasting associated with anesthesia in the species.
GI ulceration could occur if an NSAID were used without prior rehydration after fasting for that long. However, it would not play a role in the current question of concern.
NEW QUESTION # 681
What is the name of the muscle that provides support to the joints?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Fixators are the muscles that provide support to the joints. The fixator holds the joint in place so that other muscles can effectively produce movement of the bones associated with that joint.
Agonist is the name given to a muscle that is the primary producer of a movement. Synergist is the name of the muscle that assists the agonist in movement. Adductor is the name of any muscle that draws a body part toward the body's median line (abducts).
NEW QUESTION # 682
Brachycephalic breeds tend to have increased upper respiratory sounds due to which of the following?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 683
You are brought a urine sample from a client. The owner is dropping it off because the veterinarian is concerned there may be crystalluria in the dog. Additionally, previous urine showed a low urine specific gravity, but it was not the first voided morning urine. So, the vet wants to assess the specific gravity. The owner states that the dog urinated early this morning, so this sample is the first urine of the morning. She did refrigerate it, but that was 3 hours ago.
Can you still use the sample to evaluate for crystals? Urine specific gravity?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Ideally, all urine samples should be read immediately after collection; however, this is especially important when evaluating for crystalluria. Crystals can develop and degrade based on the pH and temperature at which the urine is stored and the duration it is stored.
Though it is ideal to read a urine sample immediately after collection, it can be read up to 20 to 30 minutes later (and some clinical pathologists say even up to 60 minutes based on a study) and still evaluated for crystals. However, crystalluria can naturally form in the urine with each passing hour. One cannot discern if the crystalluria developed invivo or invitro.
While crystalluria is affected, the urine specific of this sample will likely remain accurate. We want to ensure the morning's first urine is evaluated to truly discern if the urine concentrating ability is normal. This is more important in some species than others, but it is appropriate in this example. The first voided sample is usually the most concentrated, as most animals tend not to drink overnight.
All other answers are incorrect.
Ideally, all samples should be evaluated immediately upon collection with urine analysis. They can be evaluated up to 60 minutes after that time and still accurately assess most parameters. However, if the sample will not be evaluated before that time, place it in proper storage, in the fridge, away from light.
UV light and improper storage temperatures can lead to constituent deterioration.
Ensure the container is fully sealed to prevent evaporation, as ketones will evaporate over time if exposed to air. Recommended maximum storage for urine is 6 to 24 hours. Consider this when sending urine out to the lab and the results you obtain, as they may not accurately depict the clinical picture.
Always ensure you allow any refrigerated sample to come to room temperature before performing analysis.
NEW QUESTION # 684
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