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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Prepare underlying infrastructure for installing a Kubernetes cluster - Use Helm and Kustomize to install cluster components - Manage role based access control (RBAC) - Create and manage Kubernetes clusters using kubeadm - Understand CRDs, install and configure operators - Understand extension interfaces (CNI, CSI, CRI, etc.) - Manage the lifecycle of Kubernetes clusters - Implement and configure a highly-available control plane |
| Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Understand DaemonSets - Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure applications - Understand Static Pods - Use label selectors to schedule Pods - Understand resource limits and requests - Understand how scheduler works - Understand how to run multiple schedulers and configure scheduler policies - Understand Deployments and rolling update/rollback |
| Troubleshooting | 30% | - Troubleshoot networking - Understand how to monitor applications - Troubleshoot application failure - Manage container stdout & stderr logs - Evaluate cluster and node logging - Troubleshoot cluster component failure |
| Storage | 10% | - Understand persistent volume claims primitive - Understand volume mode, access modes and reclaim policies - Understand Storage Classes and Persistent Volumes - Understand how to configure applications with persistent storage |
| Services & Networking | 20% | - Understand and use CoreDNS - Understand connectivity between Pods - Use ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer service types and endpoints - Define and enforce Network Policies - Know how to use Ingress controllers and Ingress resources - Use the Gateway API to manage Ingress traffic |
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NEW QUESTION # 21
Create 2 nginx image pods in which one of them is labelled with env=prod and another one labelled with env=dev and verify the same.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
kubectl run --generator=run-pod/v1 --image=nginx -- labels=env=prod nginx-prod --dry-run -o yaml > nginx-prodpod.yaml Now, edit nginx-prod-pod.yaml file and remove entries like "creationTimestamp: null"
"dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst"
vim nginx-prod-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
env: prod
name: nginx-prod
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx-prod
restartPolicy: Always
# kubectl create -f nginx-prod-pod.yaml
kubectl run --generator=run-pod/v1 --image=nginx --
labels=env=dev nginx-dev --dry-run -o yaml > nginx-dev-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
env: dev
name: nginx-dev
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx-dev
restartPolicy: Always
# kubectl create -f nginx-prod-dev.yaml
Verify :
kubectl get po --show-labels
kubectl get po -l env=prod
kubectl get po -l env=dev
NEW QUESTION # 22
You need to configure CoreDNS to resolve DNS queries for services in different namespaces within your Kubernetes cluster. You want to ensure that pods in one namespace cannot resolve the names of services in other namespaces unless explicitly allowed.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1 . Configure CoreDNS with Namespace-Specific DNS:
- In the CoreDNS ConfigMap, configure the 'kubernetes' plugin to restrict DNS resolution based on namespaces.
2. Use Network Policies for Cross-Namespace Communication: - If you need pods in one namespace to communicate with services in another namespace, use network policies to explicitly allow the communication.
3. Test Namespace-Specific DNS: - Deploy pods in different namespaces and try to resolve service names from those pods. You should only be able to resolve names of services in the same namespace or namespaces that have been explicitly allowed using network policies.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Fix a node that shows as non-ready
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 24
Schedule a pod as follows:
Name: nginx-kusc00101
Image: nginx
Node selector: disk=ssd
Answer:
Explanation:
solution
NEW QUESTION # 25
Create a persistent volume with name app-data, of capacity 2Gi and access mode ReadWriteMany. The type of volume is hostPath and its location is /srv/app-data.
Answer:
Explanation:
Persistent Volume
A persistent volume is a piece of storage in a Kubernetes cluster. PersistentVolumes are a cluster-level resource like nodes, which don't belong to any namespace. It is provisioned by the administrator and has a particular file size. This way, a developer deploying their app on Kubernetes need not know the underlying infrastructure. When the developer needs a certain amount of persistent storage for their application, the system administrator configures the cluster so that they consume the PersistentVolume provisioned in an easy way.
Creating Persistent Volume
kind: PersistentVolume
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name:app-data
spec:
capacity: # defines the capacity of PV we are creating
storage: 2Gi #the amount of storage we are tying to claim
accessModes: # defines the rights of the volume we are creating
- ReadWriteMany
hostPath:
path: "/srv/app-data" # path to which we are creating the volume
Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume named app-data, with access mode ReadWriteMany, storage classname shared, 2Gi of storage capacity and the host path /srv/app-data.
2. Save the file and create the persistent volume.
Image for post
3. View the persistent volume.
* Our persistent volume status is available meaning it is available and it has not been mounted yet. This status will change when we mount the persistentVolume to a persistentVolumeClaim.
PersistentVolumeClaim
In a real ecosystem, a system admin will create the PersistentVolume then a developer will create a PersistentVolumeClaim which will be referenced in a pod. A PersistentVolumeClaim is created by specifying the minimum size and the access mode they require from the persistentVolume.
Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume Claim that requests the Persistent Volume we had created above. The claim should request 2Gi. Ensure that the Persistent Volume Claim has the same storageClassName as the persistentVolume you had previously created.
kind: PersistentVolume
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name:app-data
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 2Gi
storageClassName: shared
2. Save and create the pvc
njerry191@cloudshell:~ (extreme-clone-2654111)$ kubect1 create -f app-data.yaml persistentvolumeclaim/app-data created
3. View the pvc
Image for post
4. Let's see what has changed in the pv we had initially created.
Image for post
Our status has now changed from available to bound.
5. Create a new pod named myapp with image nginx that will be used to Mount the Persistent Volume Claim with the path /var/app/config.
Mounting a Claim
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
name: app-data
spec:
volumes:
- name:congigpvc
persistenVolumeClaim:
claimName: app-data
containers:
- image: nginx
name: app
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: "/srv/app-data "
name: configpvc
NEW QUESTION # 26
......
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