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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| System Hardening | 10% | - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Minimize OS attack surface - Least privilege IAM - Network access control |
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Binary verification - Node metadata protection - CIS benchmark compliance - Network security policies - Secure Ingress configuration |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Behavioral analytics - Incident investigation - Threat detection (Falco) - Audit log configuration - Container immutability |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Signed artifacts & verification - SBOM & CI/CD security - Static analysis tools - Image security & scanning - Permitted registries |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Security contexts - Isolation & multi-tenancy - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation - Pod Security Standards - Secret management |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API access restriction - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - Service account security - RBAC configuration |
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12. Frage
You are tasked with hardening a Kubernetes cluster running on a public cloud provider. The cluster currently runs Kubernetes version 1.18 and has been exposed to the internet for several months. A security audit has identified several vulnerabilities in the current Kubernetes version, including CVE-2021-25743, which affects all versions prior to 1.22.
How do you upgrade your cluster to Kubernetes 1.22 and patch the vulnerabilities without disrupting the applications running on the cluster?
Antwort:
Begründung:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Plan the upgrade:
- Identify the workloads running in the cluster.
- Understand the dependencies and configurations of each workload.
- Check compatibility of workloads with the new Kubernetes version.
- Research the recommended upgrade path for your cloud provider.
2. Prepare the environment:
- Create a backup of the cluster configuration. This includes the cluster manifest, service account configurations, and any custom resources.
- Test the upgrade process on a staging environment. This helps to identify potential issues and avoid downtime in the production cluster.
- Identify and fix any issues discovered in the staging environment. This could involve updating application configurations or deploying new versions of workloads.
3. Perform the upgrade:
- Use the recommended upgrade process for your cloud provider. Most cloud providers provide automated tools for Kubernetes upgrades.
- Monitor the upgrade process closely. Keep an eye on logs and metrics for any issues or errors.
- Rollback to the previous version if necessary. Have a plan to revert the upgrade if any critical issues arise.
4. Validate the upgrade:
- Verify,/ that all applications are running as expected. Check application logs, metrics, and functionality to ensure that there are no regressions.
- Confirm that the vulnerabilities have been patched. Use tools like 'kubectl audit or 'kubeadm upgrade' to verify the patched version.
Example using Google Kubernetes Engine:
- Create a new cluster with the desired Kubernetes version (1.22) in the Google Cloud Console.
- Use 'kubectl get nodes --all-namespaces to list the nodes in the existing cluster.
- Use 'kubectl drain' to drain the nodes in the existing cluster-
- Use 'kubectl cordon' to cordon the nodes in the existing cluster.
- Once the nodes are drained and cordoned, use 'kubectl delete node to delete the nodes in the existing cluster
- Join the nodes to the new cluster using 'kuoectl join
- Migrate the applications and configurations from the old cluster to the new cluster
- Delete the old cluster
This process ensures a minimal disruption to the applications during the upgrade, and that the vulnerabilities are patched effectively.
13. Frage
You need to configure a Kubernetes cluster to enforce the principle of least privilege for all pods in a specific namespace. This means pods should only have access to the resources they need to function correctly. For example, a web server pod should only have access to the network and the service account it requires.
Antwort:
Begründung:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. create a serviceAccount
- Create a new ServiceAccount for the web server pods.
- This ServiceAccount will be assigned a specific set of permissions.
2. Create a Role: - Define a Role that allows the ServiceAccount to access the necessary resources.
3. Create a RoleBinding: - Bind the Role to the ServiceAccount
4. Create a Pod: - Create a Pod in the 'webserver-namespace' and specify the 'serviceAccountName' as 'webserver-sa'
5. Apply the YAML files: - Apply the created YAML files using 'kubectl apply -f 6. Verify the permissions: - Try to perform actions from the webserver-pod. It should only be able to access the resources granted in the role.
14. Frage
SIMULATION
Documentation dockerd
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000037
Task
Perform the following tasks to secure the cluster node cks000037 :
Remove user developer from the docker group.
Do not remove the user from any other group.
Reconfigure and restart the Docker daemon to ensure that the socket
file located at /var/run/docker.sock is owned by the group root.
Re-configure and restart the Docker daemon to ensure it does not listen on any TCP port.
After completing your work, ensure the Kubernetes cluster is healthy.
Antwort:
Begründung:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000037
sudo -i
2) Remove user developer from the docker group ONLY
2.1 Verify current groups (optional but fast)
id developer
2.2 Remove ONLY from docker group
gpasswd -d developer docker
2.3 Verify removal
id developer
✅ docker should not appear; other groups must remain.
3) Reconfigure Docker to secure the socket and disable TCP
Docker config file:
vi /etc/docker/daemon.json
3.1 Set socket group to root and disable TCP listeners
Ensure the file contains exactly these relevant settings (merge with existing JSON if present):
{
"group": "root",
"hosts": ["unix:///var/run/docker.sock"]
}
Important:
"group": "root" → docker.sock owned by group root
"hosts" includes ONLY the unix socket (no tcp://)
If the file already exists with other keys, add/adjust only these keys and keep valid JSON (commas!).
Save and exit:
:wq
4) Restart Docker daemon
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart docker
systemctl status docker --no-pager
5) Verify Docker socket ownership and permissions
ls -l /var/run/docker.sock
Expected:
srw-rw---- 1 root root ...
✅ Owner: root
✅ Group: root
6) Verify Docker is NOT listening on TCP
ss -lntp | grep docker
Expected:
No output (or nothing bound to TCP by dockerd)
Optional double-check:
ps aux | grep dockerd | grep -v grep
Ensure no -H tcp://... flags.
7) Ensure Kubernetes cluster is healthy
7.1 Check node and pods
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
kubectl get nodes
kubectl get pods -A
All nodes should be Ready, core pods Running.
15. Frage
You are tasked with securing a Kubernetes cluster running kube-dns. You need to enforce the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark recommendations for kube-dns. One of the key recommendations is to disable the '-bind-address-0.0.0.0' parameter from the kube-dns deployment. This parameter allows kube-dns to listen on all network interfaces, potentially exposing the DNS service to unwanted access. How would you achieve this using a ConfigMap?
Antwort:
Begründung:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a ConfigMap: Create a ConfigMap named 'kube-dns-config' containing the updated configuration for kube-dns. This ConfigMap will replace the default kube-dns configuration.
2 Apply the ConfigMap: Apply the ConfigMap to the cluster using 'kubectl apply -f kube-dns-config-yaml'. This will create the ConfigMap and update the kube-dns deployment. 3. Verify the Deployment: Verify that the kube-dns deployment has been updated with the new configuration. Use 'kubectl get deployment kube-dns -o yaml' to see the deployment configuration, and Check tor the "-bind-address=127.O.O.1 ' parameter in the container's command. 4. Restart the kube-dns Pods: Restart the kube-dns pods to ensure the changes take effect This can be done using the 'kubectl rollout restart deployment kube-dns' command. This change will ensure that kube-dns is only listening on the localhost interface (127.0.0.1), mitigating the risk of unauthorized access.
16. Frage
SIMULATION
Fix all issues via configuration and restart the affected components to ensure the new setting takes effect.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:- a. Ensure that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true.
b. Ensure that the admission control plugin PodSecurityPolicy is set.
c. Ensure that the --kubelet-certificate-authority argument is set as appropriate.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:- a. Ensure the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false.
b. Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is set to Webhook.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:-
a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true
b. Ensure that the --peer-auto-tls argument is not set to true
Hint: Take the use of Tool Kube-Bench
Antwort:
Begründung:
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:- a. Ensure that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
component: kubelet
tier: control-plane
name: kubelet
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
- kube-controller-manager
+ - --feature-gates=RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true
image: gcr.io/google_containers/kubelet-amd64:v1.6.0
livenessProbe:
failureThreshold: 8
httpGet:
host: 127.0.0.1
path: /healthz
port: 6443
scheme: HTTPS
initialDelaySeconds: 15
timeoutSeconds: 15
name: kubelet
resources:
requests:
cpu: 250m
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/
name: k8s
readOnly: true
- mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- mountPath: /etc/pki
name: pki
hostNetwork: true
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /etc/kubernetes
name: k8s
- hostPath:
path: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- hostPath:
path: /etc/pki
name: pki
b. Ensure that the admission control plugin PodSecurityPolicy is set.
audit: "/bin/ps -ef | grep $apiserverbin | grep -v grep"
tests:
test_items:
- flag: "--enable-admission-plugins"
compare:
op: has
value: "PodSecurityPolicy"
set: true
remediation: |
Follow the documentation and create Pod Security Policy objects as per your environment.
Then, edit the API server pod specification file $apiserverconf
on the master node and set the --enable-admission-plugins parameter to a value that includes PodSecurityPolicy :
--enable-admission-plugins=...,PodSecurityPolicy,...
Then restart the API Server.
scored: true
c. Ensure that the --kubelet-certificate-authority argument is set as appropriate.
audit: "/bin/ps -ef | grep $apiserverbin | grep -v grep"
tests:
test_items:
- flag: "--kubelet-certificate-authority"
set: true
remediation: |
Follow the Kubernetes documentation and setup the TLS connection between the apiserver and kubelets. Then, edit the API server pod specification file
$apiserverconf on the master node and set the --kubelet-certificate-authority parameter to the path to the cert file for the certificate authority.
--kubelet-certificate-authority=<ca-string>
scored: true
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:-
a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true
Edit the etcd pod specification file $etcdconf on the master node and either remove the --auto-tls parameter or set it to false. --auto-tls=false b. Ensure that the --peer-auto-tls argument is not set to true Edit the etcd pod specification file $etcdconf on the master node and either remove the --peer-auto-tls parameter or set it to false. --peer-auto-tls=false
17. Frage
......
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