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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Test Analysis and Test Design | - Behavior-Based Test Techniques - Rule-Based Test Techniques - Experience-based Testing - Data-Based Test Techniques |
| Topic 2: Testing Quality Characteristics | - Compatibility Testing - Functional Testing - Flexibility Testing - Usability Testing |
| Topic 3: The Tasks of the Test Analyst in Risk-Based Testing | - Risk Control - Risk Analysis |
| Topic 4: The Tasks of the Test Analyst in the Test Process | - Involvement in Test Activities - Tasks Related to Work Products - Testing in the Software Development Lifecycle |
| Topic 5: Software Defect Prevention | - Supporting Phase Containment - Mitigating Recurrence of Defects - Defect Prevention Practices |
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NEW QUESTION # 15
You are working on a project to build a purchasing system. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Allow users to enter details of items that they wish to have purchased and, from these details, create a purchase request.
* Take each purchase request through a workflow that will allow the requestor's line manager to approve the request, reject it or return it for clarification / modification.
* Forward approved requests to the Purchasing Department.
* Allow purchasers to find the best available supplier for each approved request and place the request on that supplier as a purchase order.
The solution is being developed according to the company's traditional V-model methodology. The requirements are clearly documented and include a business process model.
System testing has finished and the test manager has asked you, the senior TA, to identify any parts of the product that should be focused on during acceptance testing. The results of this may be used to adjust the acceptance test plan.
You are using defect cluster analysis, only counting defects with severity levels 1 to 3, ignoring low severity levels 4 and 5. Function point analysis was used for estimating, so you have used function points as the unit of size for the various functional areas of the product. No numeric estimates of expected defect quantities were made for them individually but, as a result of product risk analysis, these functional areas have been ranked according to the amount of product risk that was predicted in them, with risk ranking 1 being the highest and
5 the lowest; the thoroughness of the testing performed so far has been proportional to that. The results are presented in the table below.
Functional area
Total function points
Product risk ranking
Defects found
Purchase Request entry
2000
2
30
Purchase Request workflow
1500
4
15
Purchase Request authorisation
1000
5
25
Supplier identification
2000
1
30
Purchase Order creation
1000
3
30
Which functional areas would you recommend for more test focus in acceptance testing?
a) Purchase Request entry
b) Purchase Request workflow
c) Purchase Request authorization
d) Supplier Identification
e) Purchase Order creation
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is C because defect cluster analysis must not be based on raw defect counts alone. CTAL- TA v4.0 states that after testing, the Test Analyst can identify actual defect-prone areas and compare predicted versus actual defect clusters; where discrepancies appear, more rigorous testing may be needed in those areas.
Here, size must be normalized using function points. The defect densities are: Purchase Request entry 30
/2000 = 15 defects per 1000 FP , Purchase Request workflow 15/1500 = 10 defects per 1000 FP , Purchase Request authorization 25/1000 = 25 defects per 1000 FP , Supplier identification 30/2000 = 15 defects per
1000 FP , and Purchase Order creation 30/1000 = 30 defects per 1000 FP .
The strongest actual clusters are therefore Purchase Order creation and Purchase Request authorization .
This is even more significant because authorization had the lowest predicted product risk ranking, 5 , so it should not have produced such a high defect density if the original risk assessment and test focus were accurate. Purchase Order creation also shows the highest defect density despite only medium predicted risk, ranking 3. Supplier identification and Purchase Request entry both have 30 defects, but they are larger areas and have only 15 defects per 1000 function points; Supplier identification was also the highest predicted risk area, so more defects there are less surprising. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Software Defect Prevention , test result analysis and predicted-versus-actual defect cluster analysis.
NEW QUESTION # 16
You are testing a program which should calculate the area of a trapezium and have decided to use metamorphic testing. The formula Area = (((a + b) / 2) * h) where a and b are the lengths of the two parallel sides, and h is the height when the parallel sides are horizontal.
Which ONE of the following would be an appropriate metamorphic relation?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is B , but the question is slightly under-specified as written. CTAL-TA v4.0 defines a metamorphic relation as a property that describes how a change in test input is reflected in the expected result.
It is used to create follow-up test cases from a source test case and then evaluate the source and follow-up results jointly.
For the trapezium formula, if b changes while a and h remain unchanged, the area must change, not the height. Therefore, options C and D are structurally wrong because changing an input side length does not imply a change in h . Option A is also weak because it mixes an absolute increase in b with a fixed percentage increase in area, without considering the original values of a , b , and h . Option B is the only option that correctly expresses the expected-result relationship: a percentage increase in b causes a predictable percentage increase in area . Strictly, the exact percentage depends on the contribution of b to a + b ; the shown 2/3 relation is valid when b / (a + b) = 2/3 . Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.3.2 Metamorphic Testing .
NEW QUESTION # 17
You are working on a project to build a purchasing system. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Allow users to enter details of items that they wish to have purchased and, from these details, create a purchase request.
* Take each purchase request through a workflow that will allow the requestor's line manager to approve the request, reject it or return it for clarification / modification.
* Forward approved requests to the Purchasing Department.
* Allow purchasers to find the best available supplier for each approved request and place the request on that supplier as a purchase order.
The solution is being developed according to the company's traditional V-model methodology. The requirements are clearly documented and include a business process model.
The main release has now been live for three months and you are working on the first maintenance release.
The test manager has asked you, the senior TA, to identify those parts of the test process which were most and least effective at finding defects in the main release.
You have collected statistics for the independent test activities, i.e. excluding developers' testing, including only the 178 defects in the three highest of your five defect severity levels. The results are presented in the table below:
Assume that all defects not found at the first opportunity could have been, e.g. that all defects that escaped into acceptance testing were within the scope and objectives of system testing. By applying Defect detection percentage (DDP) analysis, which test activity was LEAST effective?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is B . CTAL-TA v4.0 explains that Defect Detection Percentage is used to evaluate how effectively a test level or activity detects defects, and a low DDP indicates a high percentage of escaped defects, meaning the activity was ineffective and should be analyzed for improvement. The official CTAL-TA sample-answer material gives the formula as DDP = D / (D + E) , where D is defects detected in that phase and E is defects that escaped that phase and were detected later.
For test analysis including requirements review , only requirements defects are in scope at the first opportunity. It found 13 requirements defects, while 52 requirements defects escaped and were found later: 12 in test design, 20 in system testing, 10 in acceptance testing, and 10 in live operation. Therefore, DDP = 13 / (13 + 52) = 13 / 65 = 20% .
For comparison, test design found 40 of the 100 defects it could have found, so DDP = 40% . System testing found 75 of 125 possible remaining defects, so DDP = 60% . Acceptance testing found 25 of 50 possible remaining defects, so DDP = 50% . The lowest DDP is therefore test analysis, including requirements review . Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 5.3.1 Analyzing Test Results to Improve Defect Detection .
NEW QUESTION # 18
You are working on an Agile project to develop a web-based online dating service that will allow members of the service to enter their profile, meet people who would be a good match for them, arrange social events with those people and to block people with whom they do not want contact.
The features for member profile entry have been delivered and tested. The current iteration will deliver profile matching. The regression tests for profile entry will be the acceptance criteria for its user stories. These tests have not been automated yet so you have decided to perform regression testing on the basis of a checklist.
Which checklist would be BEST in these circumstances?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is A . CTAL-TA v4.0 describes checklist-based testing as an experience-based technique in which checklist items guide the tester and help avoid missing important checks. It distinguishes checklist use from fully scripted testing, but the checklist must still be concrete enough to support the objective of the test session.
Here, the goal is regression testing for profile entry. The scenario says the regression tests for profile entry will be the acceptance criteria for its user stories , but those tests have not been automated yet. Since the team needs to manually perform regression testing now, the best checklist is a read-do checklist built from the acceptance tests of the user stories. A read-do checklist is appropriate when the tester should read each item and perform it as an action. That fits manual regression execution: run this acceptance test, check the result, then proceed to the next item.
Option B is weaker because acceptance criteria are statements of expected behavior, not necessarily executable test actions. Option C is less suitable because a do-confirm checklist is used when tasks are performed from memory or normal workflow and then checked afterward; regression testing needs active, item-by-item execution. Option D combines both weaknesses: acceptance criteria instead of acceptance tests, and do-confirm instead of read-do. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.4.2 Checklists Supporting Experience-Based Test Techniques .
NEW QUESTION # 19
You are a TA in the development of a road traffic control application, which will be installed at busy road junctions, to control the operation of traffic signal lights according to sensors that detect traffic volume. This safety-critical project is still in the early stages of test planning and the project schedule is tight.
The Test Manager has asked you if crowd testing should be included in the project's test strategy. You do NOT think it should. Which limitation of crowd testing MOST influences your view?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is A . Crowd testing can provide scale, diversity of devices, and real-world variety, but its major weakness for a safety-critical road traffic control system is the variability of tester skill and therefore the variability of test quality. CTAL-TA v4.0 discusses crowd testing as a technique that may be useful in some contexts but has limitations, including variability in tester capability, control, coordination, documentation, and confidentiality. For a safety-critical system, the decisive factor is not geographical inconvenience or volume of findings; it is the need for controlled, rigorous, repeatable, competent testing against safety-relevant behavior.
Traffic signal control software must be tested using disciplined techniques, traceable test conditions, formal models, carefully selected scenarios, and controlled environments. Incorrect behavior could cause accidents, traffic conflict, or unsafe signal timing. Crowd testers are unlikely to have the necessary domain knowledge, safety-testing discipline, access to representative simulation rigs, or ability to produce the evidence expected for a safety-critical project.
Option B is a real crowd-testing limitation, but coordination overhead is not the strongest objection here.
Option C may matter, but the question gives no special confidentiality driver. Option D is relevant, but documentation burden is secondary to the unacceptable variability in testing quality. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.
0, Section 3.5.1 Crowd Testing .
NEW QUESTION # 20
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