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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cloud Native Application Delivery | 8% | - GitOps
|
| Topic 2: Cloud Native Observability | 8% | - Tracing
|
| Topic 3: Container Orchestration | 22% | - Networking
|
| Topic 4: Cloud Native Architecture | 16% | - Architecture Concepts
|
| Topic 5: Kubernetes Fundamentals | 46% | - Scheduling
|
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問題 #274
You are monitoring a Kubernetes cluster using Prometheus. You notice a significant spike in CPUusage on a specific pod. To investigate further, you want to collect metrics related to individual processes running within that pod. Which Prometheus query can effectively achieve this?
答案：D
解題說明：
The query •process_cpu_seconds_total{pod="", container="", process=""Y is designed to retrieve CPU usage metrics for specific processes running within a container. The other options are not focused on individual process metrics.
問題 #275
How can you monitor the progress for an updated Deployment/DaemonSets/StatefulSets?
答案：D
解題說明：
To monitor rollout progress for Kubernetes workload updates (most commonly Deployments, and also StatefulSets and DaemonSets where applicable), the standard kubectl command is kubectl rollout status, which makes D correct.
Kubernetes manages updates declaratively through controllers. For a Deployment, an update typically creates a new ReplicaSet and gradually shifts replicas from the old to the new according to the strategy (e.g., RollingUpdate with maxUnavailable and maxSurge). For StatefulSets, updates may be ordered and respect stable identities, and for DaemonSets, an update replaces node-level Pods according to update strategy. In all cases, you often want a single command that tells you whether the controller has completed the update and whether the new replicas are available. kubectl rollout status queries the resource status and prints a progress view until completion or timeout.
The other commands listed are not the canonical kubectl subcommands. kubectl rollout watch, kubectl rollout progress, and kubectl rollout state are not standard rollout verbs in kubectl. The supported rollout verbs typically include status, history, undo, pause, and resume (depending on kubectl version and resource type).
Operationally, kubectl rollout status deployment/<name> is used during releases and troubleshooting to confirm that new Pods become ready, that old replicas scale down, and that the rollout does not stall due to readiness probe failures, insufficient resources, or policy constraints (e.g., PodDisruptionBudgets interacting with drains). It ties directly into Kubernetes' self-healing and declarative update model: you declare a new desired Pod template, and controllers reconcile toward it while rollout status reports that reconciliation's progress.
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問題 #276
A CronJob is scheduled to run by a user every one hour. What happens in the cluster when it's time for this CronJob to run?
答案：D
解題說明：
CronJobs are implemented through Kubernetes controllers that reconcile desired state. When the scheduled time arrives, the CronJob controller (part of the controller-manager set of control plane controllers) evaluates the CronJob object's schedule and determines whether a run should be started. Importantly, CronJob does not create Pods directly as its primary mechanism. Instead, it creates a Job object for each scheduled execution. That Job object then becomes the responsibility of the Job controller, which creates one or more Pods to complete the Job's work and monitors them until completion. This separation of concerns is why option D is correct.
This design has practical benefits. Jobs encapsulate "run-to-completion" semantics: retries, backoff limits, completion counts, and tracking whether the work has succeeded. CronJob focuses on the temporal triggering aspect (schedule, concurrency policy, starting deadlines, history limits), while Job focuses on the execution aspect (create Pods, ensure completion, retry on failure).
Option A is incorrect because kubelet is a node agent; it does not watch CronJob objects and doesn't decide when a schedule triggers. Kubelet reacts to Pods assigned to its node and ensures containers run there. Option B is incorrect because kube-scheduler schedules Pods to nodes after they exist (or are created by controllers); it does not trigger CronJobs. Option C is incorrect because CronJob does not usually create a Pod and wait directly; it delegates via a Job, which then manages Pods and completion.
So, at runtime: CronJob controller creates a Job; Job controller creates the Pod(s); scheduler assigns those Pods to nodes; kubelet runs them; Job controller observes success/failure and updates status; CronJob controller manages run history and concurrency rules.
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問題 #277
What is Flux constructed with?
答案：A
解題說明：
The correct answer is B: GitOps Toolkit. Flux is a GitOps solution for Kubernetes, and in Flux v2 the project is built as a set of Kubernetes controllers and supporting components collectively referred to as the GitOps Toolkit. This toolkit provides the building blocks for implementing GitOps reconciliation: sourcing artifacts (Git repositories, Helm repositories, OCI artifacts), applying manifests (Kustomize/Helm), and continuously reconciling cluster state to match the desired state declared in Git.
This construction matters because it reflects Flux's modular architecture. Instead of being a single monolithic daemon, Flux is composed of controllers that each handle a part of the GitOps workflow: fetching sources, rendering configuration, and applying changes. This makes it more Kubernetes-native: everything is declarative, runs in the cluster, and can be managed like other workloads (RBAC, namespaces, upgrades, observability).
Why the other options are wrong:
"GitLab Environment Toolkit" and "GitHub Actions Toolkit" are not what Flux is built from. Flux can integrate with many SCM providers and CI systems, but it is not "constructed with" those.
"Helm Toolkit" is not the named foundational set Flux is built upon. Flux can deploy Helm charts, but that's a capability, not its underlying construction.
In cloud-native delivery, Flux implements the key GitOps control loop: detect changes in Git (or other declared sources), compute desired Kubernetes state, and apply it while continuously checking for drift. The GitOps Toolkit is the set of controllers enabling that loop.
Therefore, the verified correct answer is B.
問題 #278
What happens if only a limit is specified for a resource and no admission-time mechanism has applied a default request?
答案：D
解題說明：
In Kubernetes, resource management for containers is based on requests and limits. Requests represent the minimum amount of CPU or memory required for scheduling decisions, while limits define the maximum amount a container is allowed to consume at runtime. Understanding how Kubernetes behaves when only a limit is specified is important for predictable scheduling and resource utilization.
If a container specifies a resource limit but does not explicitly specify a resource request, Kubernetes applies a well-defined default behavior. In this case, Kubernetes automatically sets the request equal to the specified limit. This behavior ensures that the scheduler has a concrete request value to use when deciding where to place the Pod. Without a request value, the scheduler would not be able to make accurate placement decisions, as scheduling is entirely request-based.
This defaulting behavior applies independently to each resource type, such as CPU and memory. For example, if a container sets a memory limit of 512Mi but does not define a memory request, Kubernetes treats the memory request as 512Mi as well. The same applies to CPU limits. As a result, the Pod is scheduled as if it requires the full amount of resources defined by the limit.
Option A is incorrect because specifying only a limit does not cause a container to crash or enter CrashLoopBackOff. CrashLoopBackOff is related to application failures, not resource specification defaults.
Option B is incorrect because Kubernetes allows containers to be created without explicit requests, relying on defaulting behavior instead. Option D is incorrect because Kubernetes never assigns random values for resource requests.
This behavior is clearly defined in Kubernetes resource management documentation and is especially relevant when admission controllers like LimitRange are not applying default requests. While valid, relying solely on limits can reduce cluster efficiency, as Pods may reserve more resources than they actually need. Therefore, best practice is to explicitly define both requests and limits.
Thus, the correct and verified answer is Option C.
問題 #279
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