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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - Secure communication design principles - TLS/SSL conceptual overview |
| Key Management and PKI | - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure - Key exchange and lifecycle management |
| Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) - MAC and HMAC mechanisms |
| Asymmetric Encryption | - Public key cryptography principles - RSA and ECC fundamentals |
| Foundations of Cryptography | - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical and modern cryptography principles |
| Symmetric Encryption | - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) - Block and stream ciphers |
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NEW QUESTION # 59
(How does Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode encryption function?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
ECB is the simplest block cipher mode: each plaintext block is encrypted independently using the same key and the block cipher primitive. There is no IV and no chaining, so identical plaintext blocks produce identical ciphertext blocks. This property leaks patterns and structure in the plaintext, which is why ECB is generally considered insecure for most real-world data beyond tiny, random-looking inputs. For example, images encrypted with ECB often reveal outlines because repeated pixel blocks map to repeated ciphertext blocks.
Option A describes CTR mode, option C describes CBC mode, and option B resembles feedback-based modes. ECB's independence also means it can be parallelized, but the pattern leakage is a severe weakness.
Modern practice prefers authenticated encryption modes (like GCM) or, at minimum, modes with IVs and chaining (like CBC with proper padding and MAC). Therefore, the correct statement is that ECB encrypts each block with the same key and each block is independent of the others.
NEW QUESTION # 60
(What is an attribute of RC4 when used with WEP?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
In classic WEP deployments, RC4 was used with what is commonly called "40-bit WEP" (also labeled "64- bit WEP" because it combines a 40-bit secret key with a 24-bit IV to form a 64-bit RC4 seed). The key attribute emphasized in many foundational descriptions of WEP is this 40-bit shared secret length, which was originally chosen due to export restrictions and legacy constraints. Although "104-bit WEP" (sometimes called "128-bit WEP," again counting the 24-bit IV) also existed, the option set here points to the historically standard and widely referenced attribute: a 40-bit key when RC4 is used in WEP. Importantly, WEP's security failure is not only about key size; the 24-bit IV is too small and repeats frequently, and WEP's key scheduling vulnerabilities combined with IV reuse allow attackers to recover the secret key with enough captured frames. Still, among the given options, the correct attribute is the 40-bit key.
NEW QUESTION # 61
(What is the correlation between the number of rounds and the key length used in the AES algorithm?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
In AES, the number of rounds is explicitly tied to the key length. AES-128 uses 10 rounds, AES-192 uses 12 rounds, and AES-256 uses 14 rounds. The purpose of additional rounds is to increase diffusion and confusion, strengthening resistance against cryptanalysis as the key schedule and state transformations iterate more times. Although key length primarily affects brute-force resistance, AES's designers and standardization parameters link longer keys with more rounds to maintain security margins across variants, especially considering differences in the key schedule structure. Thus, as key length increases from 128 to 192 to 256 bits, the number of rounds increases correspondingly from 10 to 12 to 14. This relationship is fixed by the AES specification and does not vary dynamically at runtime. Therefore, the correct correlation is that the number of rounds increases as the key length increases.
NEW QUESTION # 62
(Employee A needs to send Employee B a symmetric key for confidential communication. Which key is used to encrypt the symmetric key?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
When securely distributing a symmetric key over an untrusted network, a common approach is hybrid cryptography: use asymmetric cryptography to protect the symmetric key, then use the symmetric key for bulk encryption. To ensure only Employee B can recover the symmetric key, Employee A encrypts (wraps) that symmetric key using Employee B's public key. Because only Employee B should possess the matching private key, only B can decrypt the wrapped symmetric key. This is the same principle used in TLS key exchange (in older RSA key transport) and in secure email: encrypt the session key to the recipient's public key. Encrypting the symmetric key with Employee A's private key would not provide confidentiality-anyone with A's public key could reverse it, and it functions more like a signature than encryption. Employee B's private key should never be shared and is used only by B to decrypt. Therefore, for confidentiality of the shared symmetric key, the correct encryption key is Employee B's public key.
NEW QUESTION # 63
(What is the value of 23 mod 6?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
The expression 23 mod 6 asks for the remainder when 23 is divided by 6. Modular arithmetic is foundational in cryptography, especially in public-key systems (RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ECC) where operations occur in finite rings or fields. To compute 23 mod 6, identify the largest multiple of 6 that does not exceed 23.
Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24. Since 24 is greater than 23, the largest valid multiple is 18. Subtract: 23 # 18
= 5, so the remainder is 5. Therefore, 23 mod 6 = 5, which corresponds to option "05." Modular reduction keeps numbers within a fixed range (0 to modulus#1), enabling stable arithmetic under wraparound behavior.
In cryptographic protocols, this wraparound property is essential for defining groups and ensuring operations remain bounded and consistent.
NEW QUESTION # 64
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