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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Troubleshooting | 30% | - Evaluate cluster and node logging - Troubleshoot cluster component failure - Manage container stdout & stderr logs - Troubleshoot networking - Troubleshoot application failure - Understand how to monitor applications |
| Services & Networking | 20% | - Define and enforce Network Policies - Use the Gateway API to manage Ingress traffic - Understand and use CoreDNS - Know how to use Ingress controllers and Ingress resources - Use ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer service types and endpoints - Understand connectivity between Pods |
| Storage | 10% | - Understand Storage Classes and Persistent Volumes - Understand persistent volume claims primitive - Understand how to configure applications with persistent storage - Understand volume mode, access modes and reclaim policies |
| Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Use label selectors to schedule Pods - Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure applications - Understand how scheduler works - Understand Deployments and rolling update/rollback - Understand resource limits and requests - Understand DaemonSets - Understand Static Pods - Understand how to run multiple schedulers and configure scheduler policies |
| Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Manage role based access control (RBAC) - Understand CRDs, install and configure operators - Implement and configure a highly-available control plane - Understand extension interfaces (CNI, CSI, CRI, etc.) - Create and manage Kubernetes clusters using kubeadm - Prepare underlying infrastructure for installing a Kubernetes cluster - Use Helm and Kustomize to install cluster components - Manage the lifecycle of Kubernetes clusters |
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NEW QUESTION # 69
Create a deployment named "myapp" that having 2 replicas with
nginx image and expose deployment as service named "myservice"
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 70
Create a persistent volume with nameapp-data, of capacity2Giandaccess modeReadWriteMany. Thetype of volume ishostPathand itslocation is/srv/app-data.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
Persistent Volume
A persistent volume is a piece of storage in aKubernetes cluster. PersistentVolumes are a cluster-level resource like nodes, which don't belong to any namespace. It is provisioned by the administrator and has a particular file size. This way, a developer deploying their app on Kubernetes need not knowthe underlying infrastructure.
When the developer needs a certain amount of persistent storage for their application, the system administrator configures the cluster so that they consume the PersistentVolume provisioned in an easy way.
Creating PersistentVolume
kind: PersistentVolumeapiVersion: v1metadata:name:app-dataspec:capacity: # defines the capacity of PV we are creatingstorage:2Gi#the amount of storage we are tying to claimaccessModes: # defines the rights of the volumewe are creating-ReadWriteManyhostPath:path: "/srv/app-data" # path to which we are creating the volume Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume named ReadWriteMany, storage classname
shared,2Giof storage capacity and the host path
2. Save the file and create the persistent volume.
Image for post
3. View the persistent volume.
* Our persistent volume status is available meaning it is available and it has not been mounted yet. This status willchange when we mount the persistentVolume to a persistentVolumeClaim.
PersistentVolumeClaim
In a real ecosystem, a system admin will create the PersistentVolume then a developer will create a PersistentVolumeClaim which will be referenced in a pod. A PersistentVolumeClaim is created by specifying the minimum size and the access mode they require from the persistentVolume.
Challenge
* Create a Persistent Volume Claim that requests the Persistent Volume we had created above. The claim should request 2Gi. Ensurethat the Persistent Volume Claim has the same storageClassName as the persistentVolume you had previously created.
kind: PersistentVolumeapiVersion: v1metadata:name:
spec:
accessModes:-ReadWriteManyresources:
requests:storage:2Gi
storageClassName:shared
2. Save and create the pvc
njerry191@cloudshell:~(extreme-clone-2654111)$ kubect1 create -f app-data.yaml persistentvolumeclaim/app-data created
3. View the pvc
Image for post
4. Let's see what has changed in the pv we had initially created.
Image for post
Our status has now changed fromavailabletobound.
5. Create a new pod named myapp with image nginx that will be used to Mount the Persistent Volume Claim with the path /var/app/config.
Mounting a Claim
apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata:creationTimestamp: nullname: app-dataspec:volumes:- name:congigpvcpersistenVolumeClaim:claimName: app-datacontainers:- image: nginxname:
appvolumeMounts:- mountPath: "
NEW QUESTION # 71
Undo the deployment to the previous version 1.17.1 and verify Image has the previous version
Answer:
Explanation:
kubectl rollout undo deploy webapp kubectl describe deploy webapp | grep Image
NEW QUESTION # 72
You have a Deployment named running three replicas of a WordPress container. The WordPress application is experiencing intermittent errors, and you need to investigate the cause. You suspect that the errors might be related to issues with the logs generated by the WordPress container. How can you efficiently capture and analyze the 'stdout' and 'stderr' logs from all three pods in the 'wordpress-deployment' to pinpoint the root cause of the errors?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1 . Use 'kubectl logs' to access the container logs:
- Run the following command to retrieve the logs from all pods in the deployment:
kubectl logs -l app=wordpress -f
- This command retrieves the logs from all pods that have the label , which is the label selecto for your deployment. The flag enables continuous log streaming, allowing you to see new log messages in real-time.
2. Use 'kubectl logs -p' for more specific pod logs:
- If you want to examine logs from a specific pod, you can provide the pod name. For example, to get the logs from the pod named 'wordpress-deployment-795d7f7449-2c4d7':
kubectl logs wordpress-deployment-795d7f7449-2c4d7 -p -f
- The '-p' flag ensures that you are fetching logs from the previous container instance of the pod, which is helpful if the current container instance is not showing any relevant errors.
3. Utilize 'kubectl logs --since' for time-based log retrieval:
- If you need to analyze logs from a specific time period, use the '--since' flag. For example:
kubectl logs -l app=wordpress --since=15m -f
- This command retrieves logs from the past 15 minutes from all pods with the label 'app=wordpress'. You can adjust the time duration as needed.
4. Use 'kubectl logs --tail' to view the last few lines:
- To focus on the most recent log entries, you can use the '--tail' flag:
kubectl logs -l app=wordpress --tail=100 -f
- This command retrieves the last 100 lines of logs from all pods with the label 'app=wordpress'.
5. Analyze the logs:
- Once you have retrieved the logs, examine them carefully for any error messages, warning signs, or unusual activity that might indicate the source of the errors. Look for patterns, recurring errors, or timestamps that correlate with the observed issues.
6. Further investigation:
- Based on the analysis of the logs, you can take further actions to troubleshoot the problem. This might include:
- Inspecting the WordPress application logs: If the logs indicate problems within the application itself, you need to delve into the WordPress logs to get more specific insights.
- Checking the container image: If the logs point to issues with the container image, you might need to rebuild or update the image.
- Examining the Kubernetes environment: If the logs suggest problems related to Kubernetes resources, you might need to adjust configuration files, investigate other components, or troubleshoot any network issues.
7. Use tools for log analysis:
- For large volumes of logs or complex log patterns, consider using log analysis tools such as 'grep' , ' awe , 'sed' , or specialized log analysis tools that offer advanced features like filtering, aggregation, and visualization. These tools can help you extract relevant information and identify trends more effectively.
By following these steps, you can effectively capture and analyze the 'stdout' and 'stderr' logs from the WordPress ods enablin ou to identi the root cause of the intermittent errors and resolve the issue.
NEW QUESTION # 73
Quick Reference
ConfigMaps,
Documentation Deployments,
Namespace
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cka000048b
Task
An NGINX Deployment named nginx-static is running in the nginx-static namespace. It is configured using a ConfigMap named nginx-config .
First, update the nginx-config ConfigMap to also allow TLSv1.2. connections.
You may re-create, restart, or scale resources as necessary.
You can use the following command to test the changes:
[candidate@cka000048b] $ curl -- tls-max
1.2 https://web.k8s.local
Answer:
Explanation:
Task Summary
* SSH into cka000048b
* Update the nginx-config ConfigMap in the nginx-static namespace to allow TLSv1.2
* Ensure the nginx-static Deployment picks up the new config
* Verify the change using the provided curl command
Step-by-Step Instructions
Step 1: SSH into the correct host
ssh cka000048b
Step 2: Get the ConfigMap
kubectl get configmap nginx-config -n nginx-static -o yaml > nginx-config.yaml Open the file for editing:
nano nginx-config.yaml
Look for the TLS configuration in the data field. You are likely to find something like:
ssl_protocols TLSv1.3;
Modify it to include TLSv1.2 as well:
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
Save and exit the file.
Now update the ConfigMap:
kubectl apply -f nginx-config.yaml
Step 3: Restart the NGINX pods to pick up the new ConfigMap
Pods will not reload a ConfigMap automatically unless it's mounted in a way that supports dynamic reload and the app is watching for it (NGINX typically doesn't by default).
The safest way is to restart the pods:
Option 1: Roll the deployment
kubectl rollout restart deployment nginx-static -n nginx-static
Option 2: Delete pods to force recreation
kubectl delete pod -n nginx-static -l app=nginx-static
Step 4: Verify using curl
Use the provided curl command to confirm that TLS 1.2 is accepted:
curl --tls-max 1.2 https://web.k8s.local
A successful response means the TLS configuration is correct.
Final Command Summary
ssh cka000048b
kubectl get configmap nginx-config -n nginx-static -o yaml > nginx-config.yaml nano nginx-config.yaml # Modify to include "ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;" kubectl apply -f nginx-config.yaml kubectl rollout restart deployment nginx-static -n nginx-static
# or
kubectl delete pod -n nginx-static -l app=nginx-static
curl --tls-max 1.2 https://web.k8s.local
NEW QUESTION # 74
......
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