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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Image quality assessment and documentation |
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Practice management, team collaboration - Client education, communication techniques |
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Controlled substance management - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Recovery and emergency management - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Intraoperative and postoperative care |
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Physical examination, patient assessment - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
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NEW QUESTION # 440
A five-year-old MN pitbull mix presented to the hospital after receiving multiple bite wounds and punctures. He had been attacked by two smaller dogs and a large mixed-breed Mastiff. He was lucky to have survived. He was stabilized and, luckily, had mostly superficial or minor wounds. Once stabilized, he was anesthetized for wound evaluation and closure when warranted. Several punctures were left open to drain and heal by second intention. Two wounds were lacerations and repaired surgically. A third wound had significant penetration depth, and the location on the dorsal lumbar area had a lot of dead space and pocketing. The veterinarian was concerned that a drain was warranted. A drain was placed. The pet recovered without incident and was to be discharged the next morning. He was kept overnight on IV fluids and pain management. You are set to discharge the patient, and in addition to normal post-operative care instructions with incisional checks, exercise restrictions, e-collar recommendations, and related materials, you discuss at-home drain care with the owner.
All of the following are true regarding drain care, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Drain care is critical as it can mean the difference between infection and healing properly.
The owner must be cautioned that the drain is open and may leave discharge in the home.
The owner should use warm water soaks with gauze or a similar material several times a day and gently remove any serous discharge gathered around the drain hole and on the skin. We want to remove this regularly to prevent scalding and a potential means of egress for bacteria.
Proper drain hole care is crucial to prevent infection, skin scalding, and improving the chance of wound repair success.
In addition to normal exercise restrictions, patients living with other animals may need to be separated until the drain is removed if those pets groom them or are licking at the drain sites, which will delay healing.
Ensure that the patient is wearing an e-collar at all times to protect all the wounds, including those surgically repaired and those left open. The e-collar will prevent accidental removal if the pet can reach the drain. However, if the pet pulls out the drain, ensure the owner knows to try to find the drain pieces and to call the office or bring the pet in. We may need to take radiographs to see if any of the drain remains in the deeper tissue. If it does, this can become a nidus for immune system response or infection and may need surgical removal. Furthermore, the pet could have swallowed sufficient pieces of the drain. Depending on the patient's size and amount ingested, it could be at risk for obstruction.
We recommend applying petroleum jelly or a similar product to the area around the drain (after cleaning and drying the site). This helps to further dry and protect the skin. This lessens the risk of scalding or irritation and can help clean any discharge. We do not recommend antibiotic ointments. The pet will be on oral antibiotics, given the degree of bite wounds and risk of infection. We do not want to increase the chance of antimicrobial resistance by applying a topical antimicrobial, as it isn't warranted prophylactically.
Advise the owner that we expect serous discharge for the next one to three days or so until the drain is removed, and explain what that is and what it looks like. The owner should see a decrease in the amount of discharge or none at all. If, however, the discharge changes color, becomes thick, develops an odor, or other abnormality, this could mean the prescribed antibiotics aren't sufficient and an infection has developed. Were this to occur, the pet should be seen right away.
NEW QUESTION # 441
Glycopyrrolate is which type of drug?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Glycopyrrolate inhibits the function of acetylcholine, making this drug part of the anticholinergic class of drugs. Its main use is to prevent and treat bradycardia from anesthetic drugs and vagal stimulation.
Glycopyrrolate does not have anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, or antihistamine effects.
NEW QUESTION # 442
In ultrasonography, the artifact of reverberation indicates the presence of which tissue interface?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Reverberation occurs at an interface with gas or air. Examples include the skin surface and air when a probe is not getting adequate contact (more gel needed), and soft tissue with gas (such as within the respiratory tract and bowel). It appears as evenly spaced white lines on the far side of the interface.
Soft tissue-soft tissue interfaces will produce echoes of varying intensity and brightness. These changes form the principles of diagnostic ultrasonography.
Soft tissue-fluid interfaces may produce no artifact but, more commonly, there is some degree of thorough transmission artifact and far-field enhancement. This appears as increased echogenicity on the far side of the fluid.
Soft tissue-bone interfaces produce acoustic shadowing. This appears as a black area (hypoechoic) in the far-field to the interface.
NEW QUESTION # 443
When helping to develop a pain management plan for a surgery or procedure, you should ask yourself all of the following questions, except:
Answer: B
Explanation:
When creating an initial pain management plan, you want to ask yourself several questions to help determine the level of pain control needed, the safety of various drugs in this specific patient, whether sedation and pain management will be required, and how far in advance. You want to assess the procedure being performed and the level of pain it will provide and choose a pain management plan that will appropriately manage the level of pain expected.
You need to know if the patient is high strung, anxious, easily agitated, or aggressive ahead of time and ensure you take that into account in your premedication and post-management of the patient. Finally, if your patient has underlying contraindications for specific drug classes, this must be known upfront. For example, alpha2-agonists would be contraindicated in patients with underlying heart disease.
Treat each patient as the individual they are. While it is nice to have a baseline, knowing what protocols work for what procedures, and what each veterinarian may be most comfortable using, each patient needs their own plan.
NEW QUESTION # 444
Which of the following is the most invasive means of monitoring a patient under anesthesia?
Answer: A
Explanation:
An esophageal stethoscope, while easy to operate and relatively inexpensive, is an invasive method of measuring heart rate since it penetrates the body. A catheter is inserted into the esophagus, adjacent to the heart, with the opposite end attached to an electronic base or stethoscope earpiece.
The remaining options are types of noninvasive methods of monitoring patients under general anesthesia. They contact the skin surface only.
NEW QUESTION # 445
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