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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Access Control & Identity Management | 15% | - Security policies and procedures - Role-based access control - User authentication and authorization |
| Security Fundamentals & ISA/IEC 62443 Framework | 20% | - Zones and conduits model - Core security principles: CIA triad, defense-in-depth - Foundational security requirements - Structure and parts of ISA/IEC 62443 standards |
| Security Operations & Incident Response | 20% | - Monitoring, maintenance and continuous improvement - Incident handling and response processes - Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS) |
| Industrial Network Security | 30% | - Threats, vulnerabilities and risk assessment - Network segmentation and security architecture - Industrial protocols security |
| Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) Overview | 15% | - IACS components, architectures and protocols - Cybersecurity importance in industrial environments - Differences between IT and OT security |
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質問 # 150
Authorization (user accounts) must be granted based on which of the following?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
正解：D
解説：
Authorization is the process of granting or denying access to a network resource or function. Authorization (user accounts) must be granted based on specific roles, which are defined as sets of permissions and responsibilities assigned to a user or a group of users. Roles should be based on the principle of least privilege, which means that users should only have the minimum level of access required to perform their tasks. Roles should also be based on the principle of separation of duties, which means that users should not have conflicting or overlapping responsibilities that could compromise the security or integrity of the system.
Authorization based on individual preferences or common needs for large groups is not recommended, as it could lead to excessive or unnecessary access rights, or to inconsistent or conflicting policies. Authorization based on system complexity is also not a good criterion, as it could result in overcomplicated or unclear roles that are difficult to manage or audit. References:
ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels1 ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2010 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-1: Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program2 ISA/IEC 62443-4-1:2018 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 4-1: Product security development life-cycle requirements3
質問 # 151
Which communications system covers a large geographic area?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
正解：B
質問 # 152
What is the primary audience for Part 2-5 of the ISA/IEC 62443 Series - Policies & Procedures group of standards?
正解：D
解説：
ISA/IEC 62443-2-5 provides requirements and guidance specifically for service providers (such as those delivering IACS-related managed services, maintenance, or cybersecurity services). While system integrators and asset owners use this guidance, its main audience is service providers, ensuring that their procedures align with cybersecurity best practices for IACS.
Reference: ISA/IEC 62443-2-5:2019, Scope and Introduction.
質問 # 153
Which of the following is a recommended default rule for IACS firewalls?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
正解：A
解説：
A recommended default rule for IACS firewalls is to block all traffic by default, and then allow only the necessary and authorized traffic based on the security policy and the zone and conduit model. This is also known as the principle of least privilege, which means granting the minimum access required for a legitimate purpose. Blocking all traffic by default provides a higher level of security and reduces the attack surface of the IACS network. The other choices are not recommended default rules for IACS firewalls, as they may expose the IACS network to unnecessary risks. Allowing all traffic by default would defeat the purpose of a firewall, as it would not filter any malicious or unwanted traffic. Allowing IACS devices to access the Internet would expose them to potential cyber threats, such as malware, phishing, or denial-of-service attacks.
Allowing traffic directly from the IACS network to the enterprise network would bypass the demilitarized zone (DMZ), which is a buffer zone that isolates the IACS network from the enterprise network and hosts services that need to communicate between them. References:
ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Industrial Control System training course1 ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide2 Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standard to Secure Your Control Systems3
質問 # 154
Multiuser accounts and shared passwords inherently carry which of the followinq risks?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
正解：A、B
解説：
Multiuser accounts and shared passwords are accounts and passwords that are used by more than one person to access a system or a resource. They inherently carry the risk of unauthorized access, which means that someone who is not authorized or intended to use the account or password can gain access to the system or resource, and potentially compromise its confidentiality, integrity, or availability. For example, if a multiuser account and password are shared among several operators of an industrial automation and control system (IACS), an attacker who obtains the password can use the account to access the IACS and perform malicious actions, such as changing the system settings, deleting data, or disrupting the process. Multiuser accounts and shared passwords also make it difficult to track and audit the activities of individual users, and to enforce the principle of least privilege, which states that users should only have the minimum level of access required to perform their tasks. Therefore, the ISA/IEC 62443 standards recommend avoiding the use of multiuser accounts and shared passwords, and instead using individual accounts and strong passwords for each user, and implementing authentication and authorization mechanisms to control the access to the IACS. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels1
* ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2009 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-1:
Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program2
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Training Course3
Shared passwords and multiuser accounts pose specific risks, notably unauthorized access and privilege escalation. In ISA/IEC 62443's framework, these practices are discouraged because they complicate the attribution of actions to individual users and increase the likelihood that accounts can be used beyond their intended scope. Unauthorized access occurs when individuals exploit the shared nature of an account to gain entry to systems or data that they should not access. Privilege escalation can happen when users leverage shared accounts to perform actions at higher permission levels than those assigned to their personal accounts.
Conversely, buffer overflows and race conditions are types of vulnerabilities or programming errors, not directly associated with the risks of multiuser accounts or shared passwords.
質問 # 155
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