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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes |
| Topic 2: Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Transparent traffic encryption |
| Topic 3: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| Topic 4: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring |
| Topic 5: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Topic 6: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Topic 7: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Topic 8: Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
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NEW QUESTION # 61
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 62
Which question does Hubble provide the information to answer?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble provides network and security flow observability derived from Cilium's datapath. Its flow records include source and destination workloads, namespaces, identities, ports, protocols, forwarding verdicts, and drop reasons. Hubble can therefore identify services or workloads whose connections were rejected by network policy. The Hubble CLI supports filtering by verdict, such as --verdict DROPPED , and official examples show events labeled Policy denied DROPPED . These capabilities directly answer the question posed in option D.
Option B, which is marked as correct in the supplied bank, is not supported by the stated functionality.
Hubble may expose network-layer or supported application-layer metadata, including DNS and HTTP information when Layer 7 visibility is configured, but it is not a database query profiler and cannot determine which internal SQL statement ran longest merely from ordinary Hubble flows. Similarly, CPU utilization is a workload-resource metric normally obtained through Kubernetes metrics, Prometheus, or another monitoring system. Cilium BGP configuration is examined through Cilium configuration and BGP status commands rather than inferred from Hubble network flows.
The supplied answer key should therefore be corrected from B to D.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 63
Please review the output of cilium status below and answer the question that follows. Please note, the output has been modified for accessibility purposes.
Question 2 cilium status exhibit
Assume the cluster is healthy. What is correct about the ci 1 ium status command output above?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The status output shows Envoy DaemonSet: disabled (using embedded mode) . In embedded mode, Cilium starts Envoy as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod when a feature requiring Layer 7 processing- such as an L7 network policy, protocol visibility, Ingress, or Gateway API-is used. This is precisely the behavior described in option B.
The remaining choices contradict the exhibit. The Cilium DaemonSet has a desired count of three, which ordinarily indicates three schedulable nodes running Cilium, not four. Hubble Relay: OK means the aggregation component is healthy. Hubble Relay connects to the Hubble instances associated with Cilium agents and presents a multi-node API to clients such as Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. Finally, ClusterMesh:
disabled rules out the claim that the installation is currently configured for Cilium Cluster Mesh service discovery and cross-cluster load balancing.
Cilium can alternatively run Envoy through the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. That is not the deployment displayed here because the DaemonSet is explicitly disabled and embedded mode is reported.
Official references
Envoy deployment modes ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 64
What is correct about this Cilium Network Policy?
Question 21 Cilium Network Policy exhibit
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended policy selects every Cilium-managed endpoint in the namespace where the CiliumNetworkPolicy is created because endpointSelector: {} is empty. The manifest does not specify metadata.namespace ; if it is applied normally in the default namespace, the selected endpoints are therefore all pods in default , not pods across every namespace. The egress destination selector identifies pods in kube- system carrying k8s-app: kube-dns , while matchPattern: "*" allows all DNS query names handled by the DNS rule. This supports the intended answer A.
There is, however, a material defect in the exhibit: toPorts is a list in the Cilium policy schema, but the image shows rules directly beneath toPorts without a preceding list marker. The official form is toPorts: , followed by - ports: and rules: within that list item. Port 53 and its protocol should also be stated explicitly. Exactly as displayed, the manifest should not be treated as a valid deployable policy.
The question should be corrected before examination use. Once the missing list item and port definition are restored, A accurately describes its scope and effect.
Official references
Using Kubernetes Constructs in Policy ; Layer 7 Protocol Visibility .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 65
How does Cilium primarily improve security in Kubernetes clusters?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium primarily improves Kubernetes network security through identity-aware policy enforcement across Layers 3 through 7. Standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy resources provide Layer 3 and Layer 4 controls, while CiliumNetworkPolicy extends enforcement to application-layer rules. Policies can select workloads by labels and identity, restrict protocols and destination ports, control communication with CIDRs or entities, apply DNS/FQDN rules, and authorize supported HTTP or gRPC operations. This multi-layer enforcement is the capability described by D.
API Gateway and Gateway API configurations can contribute to controlling north-south traffic, but they are not Cilium's primary or comprehensive security mechanism. Database encryption is implemented by database, storage, or encryption-management systems rather than being a general function of Cilium.
Persistent-volume backup is similarly outside Cilium's CNI, network-policy, and observability responsibilities.
Cilium's identity model is especially important in dynamic Kubernetes environments. Security policy follows workload identities derived from labels instead of depending exclusively on changing pod IP addresses. At Layer 7, traffic is redirected to Envoy when protocol-aware inspection or enforcement is required, while eBPF supplies the efficient kernel datapath for lower-layer processing.
Official references
Introduction to Cilium and Hubble ; Network Policy ; Layer 7 Policies .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 66
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