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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Use distroless images for static workload - Minimize base image footprint - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Understand the container build process - Sign container images and verify signatures - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images |
| Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Detect threats at the container level - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Understand and monitor network traffic |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Enable audit logging - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Modify host components to improve security - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper |
| Cluster Setup | 10% | - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of privileged containers |
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NEW QUESTION # 46
You have an application running in a Kubernetes cluster that requires access to a database hosted in a different namespace. You want to implement a secure mecnanism to allow the application to access the database witnout granting it access to all resources in the database namespace.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service Account in the Application Namespace:
- In the application's namespace, create a service account named 'db-access-sa'
2. Create a Role in the Database Namespace:
- In the database namespace, create a custom role named 'db-access-role' that grants only the required permissions to the database.
- For example, you might grant access to specific database tables, views, or stored procedures.
- Create a custom role named 'db-access-role' in the namespace where your database is running to grant only read permissions to the database.
3. Create a ROIeBinding in the Database Namespace: - In the database namespace, create a role binding named 'db-access-binding' that associates the 'db-access-sa' service account (from the application's namespace) with the 'db-access-role'.
4. Configure Your Application: - Configure your application deployment to use the 'db-access-sa' service account. - Use the Kubernetes API to connect to the database using the provided credentials or secrets.
NEW QUESTION # 47
SIMULATION
Create a User named john, create the CSR Request, fetch the certificate of the user after approving it.
Create a Role name john-role to list secrets, pods in namespace john
Finally, Create a RoleBinding named john-role-binding to attach the newly created role john-role to the user john in the namespace john.
To Verify: Use the kubectl auth CLI command to verify the permissions.
Answer:
Explanation:
See explanation below
Explanation:
se kubectl to create a CSR and approve it.
Get the list of CSRs:
kubectl get csr
Approve the CSR:
kubectl certificate approve myuser
Get the certificate
Retrieve the certificate from the CSR:
kubectl get csr/myuser -o yaml
here are the role and role-binding to give john permission to create NEW_CRD resource:
kubectl apply -f roleBindingJohn.yaml --as=john
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/john_external-rosource-rb created kind: RoleBinding apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 metadata:
name: john_crd
namespace: development-john
subjects:
- kind: User
name: john
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: crd-creation
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: crd-creation
rules:
- apiGroups: ["kubernetes-client.io/v1"]
resources: ["NEW_CRD"]
verbs: ["create, list, get"]
NEW QUESTION # 48
Enable audit logs in the cluster, To Do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that
1. logs are stored at /var/log/kubernetes/kubernetes-logs.txt.
2. Log files are retained for 5 days.
3. at maximum, a number of 10 old audit logs files are retained.
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
1. Cronjobs changes at RequestResponse
2. Log the request body of deployments changes in the namespace kube-system.
3. Log all other resources in core and extensions at the Request level.
4. Don't log watch requests by the "system:kube-proxy" on endpoints or
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 49
You must complete this task on the following cluster/nodes: Cluster: immutable-cluster Master node: master1 Worker node: worker1 You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context immutable-cluster
Context: It is best practice to design containers to be stateless and immutable.
Task:
Inspect Pods running in namespace prod and delete any Pod that is either not stateless or not immutable.
Use the following strict interpretation of stateless and immutable:
1. Pods being able to store data inside containers must be treated as not stateless.
Note: You don't have to worry whether data is actually stored inside containers or not already.
2. Pods being configured to be privileged in any way must be treated as potentially not stateless or not immutable.
Answer:
Explanation:
k get pods -n prod
k get pod <pod-name> -n prod -o yaml | grep -E 'privileged|ReadOnlyRootFileSystem' Delete the pods which do have any of these 2 properties privileged:true or ReadOnlyRootFileSystem: false
[desk@cli]$ k get pods -n prod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
cms 1/1 Running 0 68m
db 1/1 Running 0 4m
nginx 1/1 Running 0 23m
[desk@cli]$ k get pod nginx -n prod -o yaml | grep -E 'privileged|RootFileSystem'
{"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"annotations":{},"creationTimestamp":null,"labels":{"run":"nginx"},"name":"nginx","namespace":"prod"},"spec":{"containers":[{"image":"nginx","name":"nginx","resources":{},"securityContext":{"privileged":true}}],"dnsPolicy":"ClusterFirst","restartPolicy":"Always"},"status":{}} f:privileged: {} privileged: true
[desk@cli]$ k delete pod nginx -n prod
[desk@cli]$ k get pod db -n prod -o yaml | grep -E 'privileged|RootFilesystem'
[desk@cli]$ k delete pod cms -n prod Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/ https://cloud.google.com/architecture/best-practices-for-operating-containers Reference:
[desk@cli]$ k delete pod cms -n prod Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/ https://cloud.google.com/architecture/best-practices-for-operating-containers
NEW QUESTION # 50
Create a network policy named restrict-np to restrict to pod nginx-test running in namespace testing.
Only allow the following Pods to connect to Pod nginx-test:-
1. pods in the namespace default
2. pods with label version:v1 in any namespace.
Make sure to apply the network policy.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 51
......
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