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질문 # 13
Where business process diagrams can be used to identify vulnerabilities within solution processes, what tool can be used to identify vulnerabilities within solution technology?
정답：A
설명：
Business process diagrams help analysts spot weaknesses in workflows, approvals, handoffs, and segregation of duties, but they do not directly test the technical security of the underlying applications, infrastructure, or configurations. To identify vulnerabilities within solution technology, cybersecurity practice uses penetration testing, which is a controlled, authorized simulation of real-world attacks against systems. A penetration test examines how a solution behaves under adversarial conditions and validates whether security controls actually prevent exploitation, not just whether they are designed on paper.
Penetration testing typically includes reconnaissance, enumeration, and attempts to exploit weaknesses in areas such as authentication, session management, access control, input handling, APIs, encryption usage, misconfigurations, and exposed services. Results provide evidence-based findings, including exploit paths, impact, affected components, and recommended remediations. This makes penetration testing especially valuable before go-live, after major changes, and periodically for high-risk systems to confirm the security posture remains acceptable.
The other options do not fit the objective. A security patch is a remediation action taken after vulnerabilities are known, not a method for discovering them. A smoke test is a basic functional check to confirm the system builds and runs; it is not a security assessment. Vulnerability-as-a-Service is a delivery model that may include scanning or testing, but the recognized tool or technique for identifying vulnerabilities in the technology itself in this context is a penetration test, which directly evaluates exploitability and real security impact.
질문 # 14
What business analysis deliverable would be an essential input when designing an audit log report?
정답：C
설명：
Designing an audit log report requires clarity on who is allowed to do what, which actions are considered security-relevant, and what evidence must be captured to demonstrate accountability. Access Control Requirements are the essential business analysis deliverable because they define roles, permissions, segregation of duties, privileged functions, approval workflows, and the conditions under which access is granted or denied. From these requirements, the logging design can specify exactly which events must be recorded, such as authentication attempts, authorization decisions, privilege elevation, administrative changes, access to sensitive records, data exports, configuration changes, and failed access attempts. They also help determine how logs should attribute actions to unique identities, including service accounts and delegated administration, which is critical for auditability and non-repudiation.
Access control requirements also drive necessary log fields and report structure: user or role, timestamp, source, target object, action, outcome, and reason codes for denials or policy exceptions. Without these requirements, an audit log report can become either too sparse to support investigations and compliance, or too noisy to be operationally useful.
A risk log can influence priorities, but it does not define the authoritative set of access events and entitlements that must be auditable. A future state process can provide context, yet it is not as precise as access rules for determining what to log. An internal audit report may highlight gaps, but it is not the primary design input compared to formal access control requirements.
질문 # 15
Which of the following activities are part of the business analyst's role in ensuring compliance with security policies?
정답：A
설명：
Business analysts support cybersecurity compliance primarily by ensuring that security and privacy expectations are translated into clear, testable requirements that are built into the solution. This includes eliciting applicable organizational security policies, standards, and control objectives, then mapping them into functional and non-functional requirements such as authentication methods, role-based access, logging and audit trail needs, encryption requirements, session controls, data retention, and segregation of duties. When security policies are reflected in the solution requirements, they become part of the delivery lifecycle: they can be designed, implemented, validated in testing, and verified during acceptance. This creates traceability from policy to requirement to control implementation, which is essential for audits and for demonstrating due diligence.
Option A is typically the responsibility of governance, risk, and compliance functions or internal audit, not the BA. Option C is usually performed by security testing specialists, QA teams, or application security engineers using techniques like SAST, DAST, and penetration testing. Option D is largely an operational management and compliance enforcement function, supported by training, monitoring, and disciplinary processes. The BA's distinct contribution is ensuring policy-driven security controls are captured in requirements and embedded into the solution design and delivery artifacts.
질문 # 16
Which statement is true about a data warehouse?
정답：C
설명：
A data warehouse is designed primarily to support analytics, reporting, and decision-making rather than day-to-day transaction processing. Operational systems are optimized for fast inserts/updates and real-time business operations such as order entry, billing, or customer service workflows. In contrast, a warehouse consolidates data-often from multiple sources-into structures optimized for querying, trending, and historical analysis. From a cybersecurity and governance perspective, this distinction matters because warehouses frequently contain large volumes of aggregated, historical, and sometimes sensitive information, which can increase impact if confidentiality is breached. As a result, controls like strong access governance, role-based access, least privilege, segregation of duties, encryption, and audit logging are emphasized for warehouses to reduce insider misuse and limit exposure.
Option B is false because warehouses often use different structures (for example, dimensional models) than production systems, specifically to improve analytical performance and usability. Option C can be true in some architectures, but it is not universally required; organizations may operate multiple warehouses, data marts, or lakehouse patterns, and not all operational data is appropriate to centralize due to privacy, cost, and regulatory constraints. Option D is incorrect because cleansing is commonly performed in dedicated integration pipelines and staging layers rather than changing operational systems to "pre-clean" data. Therefore, A is the best verified statement.
질문 # 17
What is defined as an internal computerized table of access rules regarding the levels of computer access permitted to login IDs and computer terminals?
정답：C
설명：
An Access Control List (ACL) is a structured, system-maintained list of authorization rules that specifies who or what is allowed to access a resource and what actions are permitted. In many operating systems, network devices, and applications, an ACL functions as an internal table that maps identities such as user IDs, group IDs, service accounts, or even device/terminal identifiers to permissions like read, write, execute, modify, delete, or administer. When a subject attempts to access an object, the system consults the ACL to determine whether the requested operation should be allowed or denied, enforcing the organization's security policy at runtime.
The description in the question matches the classic definition of an ACL as a computerized table of access rules tied to login IDs and sometimes the originating endpoint or terminal context. ACLs are central to implementing discretionary access control and are also widely used in networking (for example, permitting or denying traffic flows based on source/destination and ports) and file systems (controlling access to folders and files).
An Access Control Entry (ACE) is only a single line item within an ACL (one rule for one subject). A "Relational Access Database" is not a standard security control term for authorization tables. A "Directory Management System" manages identities and groups, but it is not the same as the enforcement list attached to a specific resource. Therefore, the correct answer is Access Control List.
질문 # 18
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