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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Principles: public/private key pairs - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation |
| Topic 2: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - HMAC construction and application - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 |
| Topic 3: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Historical evolution and modern applications - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Topic 4: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction |
| Topic 5: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Principles and operation |
| Topic 6: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Standards and compliance |
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질문 # 74
(Which cryptographic operation uses a single key?)
정답：A
설명：
Symmetric cryptography uses a single shared secret key for both encryption and decryption. This contrasts with asymmetric cryptography, which uses a key pair (public/private). Symmetric algorithms (like AES, ChaCha20) are efficient and well-suited for bulk data encryption, but they require a secure method for key distribution because both parties must possess the same secret. Hashing is not a keyed operation by default (though HMAC is keyed); it maps arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest and is primarily used for integrity checking, fingerprints, and password hashing constructions. Padding is a data formatting technique (e.g., PKCS#7) used to align plaintext to a block size; it is not a cryptographic "operation" that uses a key. Therefore, the cryptographic operation characterized by using one key shared between parties is symmetric encryption. In real systems, symmetric encryption is frequently combined with asymmetric methods for key exchange and with MACs/AEAD for integrity, producing the standard hybrid approach used in protocols like TLS and IPsec.
질문 # 75
(Which mode of encryption converts data into a stream encryption and then uses a counter value and a nonce to encrypt the data?)
정답：B
설명：
CTR (Counter) mode converts a block cipher into a stream-like encryption method by generating a keystream from encrypted counter blocks. The core idea is to construct a sequence of input blocks using a nonce (unique per message/session) plus an incrementing counter. Each nonce||counter block is encrypted with the block cipher under the shared key; the output is a pseudorandom block that is XORed with plaintext to produce ciphertext. Decryption repeats the same keystream generation and XORs with ciphertext to recover plaintext. CTR offers practical benefits: it is highly parallelizable, supports precomputation of keystream blocks, and allows random access to any block without needing previous blocks (unlike CBC). ECB and CBC are block modes that do not use nonce+counter keystream generation. CFB is a feedback mode that can behave stream-like, but it does not use the explicit counter/nonce construction characteristic of CTR. CTR's security hinges on never reusing the same nonce/counter sequence with the same key, because that would reuse the keystream and enable XOR-based plaintext recovery. Therefore, the correct mode is Counter (CTR).
질문 # 76
(What is the RC4 encryption key size when utilizing WPA with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)?)
정답：D
설명：
WPA with TKIP was designed as an interim improvement over WEP while still using the RC4 stream cipher for compatibility with legacy hardware. TKIP addresses WEP's major weaknesses by introducing per-packet key mixing, a message integrity mechanism ("Michael"), and replay protection. In TKIP, the encryption key used with RC4 is 128 bits. Practically, TKIP derives a per-packet RC4 key from a 128-bit temporal key (TK), the transmitter's MAC address, and a sequence counter (TKIP Sequence Counter, TSC) to avoid the simple IV reuse patterns that made WEP easy to break. Even with these improvements, TKIP has known weaknesses and is deprecated in favor of WPA2/WPA3 using AES-based CCMP/GCMP. But strictly for the question asked, TKIP's RC4 keying material is based on a 128-bit key size, not 40/56-bit legacy sizes and not 256-bit.
질문 # 77
(A security engineer is implementing device authentication as a form of two-factor authentication in a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) environment. What should be used as a second form of authentication?)
정답：B
설명：
In a PKI environment, a digital certificate is the standard credential used to bind an identity (user, device, service) to a public key, with that binding vouched for by a Certificate Authority. For device authentication, the device typically proves possession of the private key corresponding to the certificate' s public key (for example, during a TLS handshake). As a second factor in a two-factor model, a certificate (often stored in a TPM, smart card, or secure enclave) represents "something you have"-a cryptographic credential anchored to hardware or a managed endpoint. The other listed options (symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, digital signature) are cryptographic operations or algorithm classes, not stand-alone authentication factors. A digital signature is a mechanism used within authentication flows, but it is not itself the credential that establishes an enrolled device identity within PKI. In practice, a certificate-based device factor is commonly paired with a knowledge factor (password/PIN) or a biometric factor to achieve true 2FA, but among these choices, the appropriate second form of authentication in PKI terms is the digital certificate.
질문 # 78
(Which of the following is an example of a software encryption solution for disk storage?)
정답：B
설명：
Disk/storage encryption protects data at rest by encrypting the contents of a drive so it remains unreadable without the correct authentication and keys. BitLocker (commonly on Windows) and FileVault (commonly on macOS) are well-known software-based full-disk encryption solutions integrated into their operating systems.
They encrypt sectors on disk and typically tie key protection to user credentials and, where available, hardware features such as a TPM or secure enclave to reduce key extraction risk. A VPN encrypts network traffic in transit, not disk storage. An HSM is specialized hardware used to generate, store, and protect cryptographic keys and perform crypto operations; it is not a disk encryption product itself. USB encryption hardware refers to hardware-encrypted removable media, not a software solution for a system disk. Therefore, the correct example of a software encryption solution for disk storage is BitLocker and FileVault.
질문 # 79
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