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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Storage | 10% | - StatefulSet storage configuration - Volume types and access modes - StorageClasses and dynamic provisioning - Persistent Volumes (PV) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVC) |
| Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Deployments, rolling updates and rollbacks - Resource requests, limits and autoscaling - Pod lifecycle, init containers, probes - Configure applications with ConfigMaps and Secrets - Pod scheduling: node selector, affinity, taints/tolerations |
| Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Install components via Helm / Kustomize - Manage RBAC - Prepare infrastructure for cluster installation - Create and manage clusters with kubeadm - Implement high availability control plane - Understand CNI, CSI, CRI interfaces - Work with CRDs and Operators - Manage cluster lifecycle and upgrades |
| Troubleshooting | 30% | - Pod and application failures - Control plane component failures - Log collection and analysis - Worker node issues and recovery - Cluster component health checks - Network connectivity and DNS resolution problems |
| Services & Networking | 20% | - Ingress resources and controllers - CNI configuration and troubleshooting - Network policies - CoreDNS and service discovery - Service types: ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalName |
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NEW QUESTION # 20
You have a complex application with multiple services running in a Kubernetes cluster. Some services communicate with each other over the cluster network, while others need to access external services over the internet. You need to configure CoreDNS to handle both internal and external DNS resolution in a secure and efficient manner.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Configure CoreDNS for Internal DNS:
- Create a CoreDNS ConfigMap named 'coredns' with the following configuration:
-
2. Configure CoreDNS for External DNS: - If you need to resolve external domains, you can use CoreDNS's 'forward' plugin to forward requests to external DNS servers. You can configure 'forward' in the Corefile, or use environment variables to dynamically set the upstream servers.
3. Configure Services with External Names: - If you need to access external services, configure their services in Kubernetes with the 'externalName' field.
4. Use Secure DNS: - Enable DNS over TLS (DOT) or DNS over HTTPS (DOH) in your CoreDNS configuration to ensure secure DNS resolution.
5. Test DNS Resolution: - Test DNS resolution for internal and external domains using the 'nslookup command from pods in your cluster.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Create a busybox pod and add "sleep 3600" command
Answer:
Explanation:
kubectl run busybox --image=busybox --restart=Never -- /bin/sh -c
"sleep 3600"
NEW QUESTION # 22
Score: 4%
Task
Set the node named ek8s-node-1 as unavailable and reschedule all the pods running on it.
Answer:
Explanation:
SOLUTION:
[student@node-1] > ssh ek8s
kubectl cordon ek8s-node-1
kubectl drain ek8s-node-1 --delete-local-data --ignore-daemonsets --force
NEW QUESTION # 23
You have a Kubernetes cluster running with several pods, each exposed via a 'Service' of type LoadBalance. However, you notice some pods are randomly unreachable from external clients, despite appearing healthy in the cluster. You suspect this could be a network issue within the cluster. Describe the steps you would take to diagnose and troubleshoot this issue, focusing on network-related aspects of Kubernetes.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Verify Service Configuration:
- Use 'kubectl describe service ' to examine the service definition.
- Check if the 'externallPs are correctly configured and match the IPs assigned by your cloud provider.
- Ensure that the 'selector' in the service matches the labels on the pods you're trying to access.
2. Check Pod Connectivity:
- Use 'kubectl exec -it bash' to get a shell within one of the pods.
- Run 'ping ' to test connectivity from within the pod to the external IP of the service.
- If ping fails, it indicates that the pod can't reach the service's external IP.
3. Examine Network Policies:
- Check if any 'NetworkPolicy' rules are blocking traffic to or from the pods in question.
- Use 'kubectl get networkpolicies' and 'kubectl describe networkpolicy to list and examine policies.
4. Inspect Network Resources:
- Use "kubectl get nodes' to check the status of the nodes. Look for any node-level networking problems or errors.
- Examine network resource usage (e.g., bandwidth, CPU) on the nodes using tools like 'kubectl top nodes'.
5. Analyze Cluster Events:
- Check the Kubernetes event logs using 'kubectl get events'. Look for events related to networking issues, pod restarts, or other relevant events.
6. Inspect Network Connectivity (Node-Level):
- If the issue seems to originate within the cluster, use tools like 'ping' or 'traceroute' from within a node to test connectivity between nodes and/or to external services.
7. Verify Load Balancer Health:
- If using a cloud provider's load balancer, check its health status and logs. Ensure it's correctly forwarding traffic to the back-end pods.
8. Check Firewall Rules:
- Ensure that there are no external firewall rules blocking traffic to the Kubernetes cluster or specific ports used by the services.
9. Consider Network Plugin Configuration:
- Review the configuration of the network plugin used in your cluster (e.g., Calico, Flannel). Potential issues in the plugin's configuration might cause connectivity problems.
Example Scenario: Imagine you have a NodePort service 'my-service' exposing a web server. The service is configured to forward traffic to pods labeled 'app=web'. You're able to access the service from within the cluster but encounter random disconnections from external clients. Troubleshooting Steps:
1 . Verify the service definition to ensure 'externallPs' are correctly assigned and 'selector' matches pod label
2. 'kubectl exec -it bash' to ping the service's 'externallP'. If unsuccessful, proceed to step 3.
3. Check if any NetworkPolicies are blocking traffic to the 'web' pods.
4. Verify the health status of all nodes in the cluster.
5. Examine cluster events for any networking-related errors.
6. Use ping' and 'traceroute' from a node to test connectivity to the external service.
7. Check the health of the load balancer if it's being used.
8. Ensure no external firewall rules block traffic to the service's ports.
9. Inspect the configuration of the network plugin in your cluster for any potential issues.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Score: 7%
Task
First, create a snapshot of the existing etcd instance running at https://127.0.0.1:2379, saving the snapshot to /srv/data/etcd-snapshot.db.
Next, restore an existing, previous snapshot located at /var/lib/backup/etcd-snapshot-previo us.db
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution:
#backup
ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints="https://127.0.0.1:2379" --cacert=/opt/KUIN000601/ca.crt --cert=/opt/KUIN000601/etcd-client.crt --key=/opt/KUIN000601/etcd-client.key snapshot save /etc/data/etcd-snapshot.db
#restore
ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints="https://127.0.0.1:2379" --cacert=/opt/KUIN000601/ca.crt --cert=/opt/KUIN000601/etcd-client.crt --key=/opt/KUIN000601/etcd-client.key snapshot restore /var/lib/backup/etcd-snapshot-previoys.db
NEW QUESTION # 25
......
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