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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Standards and compliance - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities |
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Principles and operation |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Historical evolution and modern applications - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - HMAC construction and application - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Digital signatures: purpose and process - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Principles: public/private key pairs - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation |
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NEW QUESTION # 16
(Why did the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) choose Ascon for lightweight cryptography?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
NIST's lightweight cryptography effort targets environments like IoT and embedded systems where CPU, memory, energy, and bandwidth are constrained, yet strong security is still required. Ascon is an authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) family designed to be efficient in both hardware and software with small footprint, making it well-suited for constrained devices. NIST selected Ascon because it offers a strong security design with good performance and implementability under tight resource budgets, while providing modern protections (confidentiality + integrity) through AEAD. That aligns with option C: secure and efficient encryption for resource-constrained devices. The selection was not primarily about authenticating users (that is typically handled by protocols and identity systems, not an AEAD primitive). It was also not mainly about legacy compatibility; lightweight cryptography aims at new and constrained deployments rather than preserving outdated stacks. And while Ascon can certainly be used to protect data at rest, that is only one application; the core reason for the choice is its suitability for constrained environments and robust, efficient authenticated encryption.
NEW QUESTION # 17
(Two people want to communicate through secure email. The person creating the email wants to ensure only their friend can decrypt the email. Which key should the person creating the email use to encrypt the message?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
To ensure confidentiality so that only the intended recipient can decrypt an email, the sender must encrypt in a way that only the recipient can reverse. In public key cryptography, that means encrypting with the recipient's public key. The recipient is the only party who should possess the matching private key, so only they can decrypt the ciphertext. This pattern is fundamental to PKI-based secure email systems such as S/MIME and OpenPGP: the sender looks up or is provided the recipient's certificate
/public key, encrypts the message (often by encrypting a randomly generated symmetric session key with the recipient's public key), and the recipient uses their private key to recover the session key and decrypt the content. Encrypting with the sender's private key would not provide confidentiality; it resembles signing because anyone with the sender's public key could "decrypt" it. Encrypting with a private key of the recipient is also incorrect because private keys are not shared and should never leave the recipient's control. Therefore, the correct key to encrypt the message so only the friend can decrypt it is the recipient's public key.
NEW QUESTION # 18
(Which mode of encryption uses an Initialization Vector (IV) to encrypt the first block and then uses the result to encrypt the next block?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
CBC mode introduces dependency between blocks to prevent the pattern leakage seen in ECB. It starts with a random (or unpredictable) IV for the first block. Before encrypting block 1, CBC XORs plaintext block 1 with the IV, then encrypts the result. For block 2 and onward, CBC XORs each plaintext block with the previous ciphertext block before encryption. This chaining means that changing one plaintext block affects that block's ciphertext and also influences the next block's computation. The IV ensures that encrypting the same message twice under the same key produces different ciphertexts (assuming a fresh IV). Option A (ECB) has no IV or chaining. OFB and CFB are feedback modes that effectively generate a keystream; they do use an IV, but the "uses the result to encrypt the next block" wording most directly matches CBC's ciphertext-chaining description in standard teaching. CBC still requires integrity protection (e.g., HMAC or an AEAD mode) because it can be malleable without authentication. Therefore, the correct mode is Cipher Block Chaining (CBC).
NEW QUESTION # 19
(Which cryptographic technique is used to ensure data integrity?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Data integrity means ensuring that information has not been modified without authorization. Digital signatures are a core cryptographic technique that provides integrity by binding a message (typically its hash) to the signer's private key. The signer creates a signature over the message digest; the verifier checks it with the signer's public key and recomputes the digest. Any change to the message alters the digest and causes verification to fail, revealing tampering. Digital signatures also support authenticity (verifying the signer) and can contribute to nonrepudiation under proper key-management and policy controls, but integrity is a primary guarantee they deliver. "Authentication" is broader and can be achieved by other means, but it is not as directly tied to integrity as signatures in this option set. "Non-repudiation" is an outcome/goal rather than a standalone integrity technique. "Steganography" hides the existence of data and does not inherently protect integrity. Therefore, among these options, digital signatures are the best cryptographic technique for ensuring data integrity.
NEW QUESTION # 20
(Which symmetric encryption technique uses a 256-bit key size and a 128-bit block size?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher standardized to operate on a fixed
128-bit block size and supports key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits. When the key size is 256 bits, the cipher is commonly referred to as AES-256, but the block size remains 128 bits regardless of key length.
This combination (256-bit key, 128-bit block) matches the question precisely. By comparison, DES uses a 64-bit block size with a 56-bit effective key. 3DES also uses a 64-bit block size and effectively applies DES three times, yielding an effective key length typically cited as 112 bits (two-key 3DES) or 168 bits (three-key 3DES), depending on how keys are configured. IDEA uses a 64-bit block size with a 128-bit key. Therefore, the only listed algorithm that supports a 256-bit key while maintaining a 128-bit block size is AES. This is one reason AES is widely adopted for modern symmetric encryption: strong key sizes with efficient implementation and broad standardization.
NEW QUESTION # 21
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