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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Security and File Permissions | 20% | - User and Group Management - File Permissions and Ownership - Basic Security Concepts |
| The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source | 15% | - Linux Distributions - Applications and Support - Open Source Software and Licensing - Linux History and Philosophy |
| The Linux Operating System | 20% | - System Architecture - Hardware and Drivers - File Systems and Hierarchy Standard - Processes and Services |
| Finding Your Way on a Linux System | 20% | - Using Directories and Listing Files - Creating, Moving and Deleting Files - Command Line Basics |
| The Power of the Command Line | 25% | - Text Processing - Archiving and Compression - I/O Redirection and Pipelines - Basic Shell Scripting |
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NEW QUESTION # 86
What is defined by a Free Software license?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A free software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software. These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder (usually the author) of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software (or free and open-source software) as conferred by the copyright holder. Free software licenses grant users the freedom to use it for any purpose, study and change the source code and copy and redistribute the software with or without modifications. Free software must come with source code or provide access to it, while the freedom to redistribute includes the right to give away copies gratis as well as sell copies1 References: 1: Free-software license - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 87
Which of the following statements is true about Free Software?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct statement about Free Software is that it may be modified by anyone using it. This is one of the four essential freedoms of Free Software, which are: the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose; the freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish; the freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor; and the freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others1. Access to the source code is a precondition for these freedoms1.
The other statements are false for the following reasons:
Free Software is not developed by volunteers only. It can be developed by anyone, including individuals, companies, organizations, or communities. Some Free Software developers are paid for their work, while others do it as a hobby or for social benefit1.
Free Software does not have to be available free of charge. It can be sold or given away for any price. The term "free" refers to the users' freedom, not the price of the software1. However, Free Software users have the freedom to redistribute copies, so they can obtain the software at no charge from someone who has a copy1.
Free Software does not only run on Linux. It can run on any operating system that supports it, such as Windows, MacOS, BSD, or Android. Linux is an example of a Free Software operating system, but not the only one1.
Free Software is not only distributed as a compiled binary. It can also be distributed as source code, or both. In fact, Free Software must provide access to the source code, otherwise the users cannot study or modify the software1.
Reference:
What is Free Software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
NEW QUESTION # 88
Which package management tool is used in Red Hat-based Linux Systems?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
RPM stands for RPM Package Manager (formerly known as Red Hat Package Manager), which is a powerful, command-line package management tool developed for the Red Hat operating system. It is now used as a core component in many Linux distributions such as CentOS, Fedora, Oracle Linux, openSUSE and Mageia1. RPM can install, uninstall,and query individual software packages, but it cannot manage dependency resolution like YUM2. YUM is another package management tool that is based on RPM and can handle dependencies automatically. YUM is the primary package management tool for installing, updating, removing, and managing software packages in Red Hat Enterprise Linux2. Therefore, the correct answer is B. rpm, as it is the underlying package management tool used in Red Hat-based Linux systems. References:
* Linux package management with YUM and RPM | Enable Sysadmin
* Chapter 13. Package Management Tool Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 | Red Hat Customer Portal
* Difference Between YUM and RPM | 2DayGeek
NEW QUESTION # 89
What is true about the owner of a file?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
In Linux, every file and directory is associated with an owner and a group. The owner is the user who created the file or directory, and the group is the group to which the owner belongs. Therefore, each file is owned by exactly one user and one group. This is true for option A. The other options are false for the following reasons:
* Option B: The owner of a file does not always have full permissions when accessing the file. The permissions are determined by the file mode, which can be changed by the owner or the root user. The file mode specifies the read, write, and execute permissions for the owner, the group, and others. The owner can have different permissions than the group or others.
* Option C: The user owning a file does not have to be a member of the file's group. The owner can change the group ownership of the file to any group on the system, regardless of whether the owner belongs to that group or not. However, only the root user or a user with the CAP_CHOWN capability can change the group ownership to a group that the owner is not a member of.
* Option D: When a user is deleted, all files owned by the user do not disappear. The files remain on the system, but their owner is changed to an invalid user ID (UID). The files can still be accessed by the group or others, depending on the permissions. The files can also be reclaimed by the root user or a user with the CAP_CHOWN capability, who can change the owner to a valid user.
* Option E: The owner of a file can be changed once it is assigned to an owner. The owner can transfer the ownership to another user, or the root user or a user with the CAP_CHOWN capability can change the owner to any user on the system. The command to change the owner of a file is chown. References: 1: Chown Command in Linux (File Ownership) | Linuxize 2 3: Linux File Permissions and Ownership Explained with Examples 4 2: 3 Ways to Find File Owner in Linux - howtouselinux 1
NEW QUESTION # 90
The current directory contains the following file:
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 859688 Feb 7 08:15 test.sh
Given that the file is a valid shell script, how can this script be executed? (Choose two correct answers.)
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
A shell script is a file that contains a series of commands that can be executed by a shell interpreter. To execute a shell script, there are two main methods:
Method 1: Specify the path to the script file. This method requires that the script file has the execute permission, which can be granted by using the chmod command. The script file also needs to have a shebang line at the beginning, which indicates which interpreter to use for the script. For example, #!/bin/bash means to use the bash interpreter. To execute the script using this method, you can type the absolute path or the relative path to the script file. If you are in the same directory as the script file, you can use the ./ prefix to indicate the current directory. For example, ./test.sh will execute the test.sh script in the current directory.
Method 2: Pass the script file as an argument to the interpreter. This method does not require the execute permission or the shebang line for the script file. You can simply use the name of the interpreter followed by the script file name as an argument. For example, bash test.sh will execute the test.sh script using the bash interpreter.
Therefore, the correct answers are D and E. A. run test.sh is incorrect because run is not a valid command in Linux. B. ${test.sh} is incorrect because this syntax is used for variable expansion, not for executing a script. C. cmd ./test.sh is incorrect because cmd is not a valid command in Linux. Reference:
Linux Essentials Topic 105: The Power of the Command Line, section 105.3: Basic shell scripting.
How to Run a Shell Script in Linux [Essentials Explained] - It's FOSS
How To Execute a Command with a Shell Script in Linux | DigitalOcean
How To Run the .sh File Shell Script In Linux / UNIX
NEW QUESTION # 91
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