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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
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NEW QUESTION # 21
Which component is embedded in the Cilium Agent and retrieves eBPF-based visibility from Cilium?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The Hubble Server is embedded in each Cilium agent and consumes the eBPF-derived visibility data produced on that node. It exposes gRPC services through which clients can retrieve flow events, node and namespace information, server status, and related observability data. Embedding the server in the agent enables high-performance collection with comparatively low overhead.
Hubble Relay has a different role. It is a standalone component that discovers and connects to the Hubble Server instances running across the cluster. Relay aggregates their individual APIs to provide multi-node or cluster-wide visibility to clients such as the Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. It is therefore not the component embedded in the agent.
The Cilium CNI plugin is invoked when Kubernetes creates or removes pods and asks the local agent to configure their networking and datapath. The Cilium Operator performs cluster-wide management duties such as selected IPAM and shared-state operations. Neither component is responsible for exposing eBPF flow visibility.
This server-relay distinction is central to understanding Hubble's distributed architecture: Server provides node-local visibility, while Relay combines multiple servers into a cluster-wide view.
Official references
Hubble Internals , Cilium Component Overview
Study Guide topic: Hubble Server, Hubble Relay, and distributed flow observability.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which command is used to enable logging at the debug log level of Cilium agents7
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
cilium config set debug true follows the supported Cilium CLI configuration syntax and sets the debug configuration key to true . The cilium config set command accepts a key/value pair and, by default, restarts the Cilium pods so that the changed configuration is applied. The Cilium configuration documentation defines debug as the setting that enables full debug mode. This increases agent logging verbosity and causes eBPF programs to emit additional visibility events for diagnostic use.
Options A, B, and D do not match documented Cilium CLI command structures. There is no cilium log level
--set=debug command in the Cilium CLI hierarchy, and neither cilium logging.level=debug nor cilium logging debug is valid configuration syntax. A Helm-managed installation may also enable debugging through the chart value debug.enabled=true , but that does not make any of the alternative commands correct.
Debug mode should be enabled deliberately because it increases log volume and may generate additional datapath visibility information. After troubleshooting, operators should normally restore the previous setting to avoid unnecessary operational overhead.
The supplied answer key incorrectly identifies B. The verified answer is C.
Official references
Cilium configuration ; Cilium CLI `config set` ; Helm values .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following best describes how eBPF is used within Cilium9
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D most precisely describes Cilium's foundational use of eBPF. The Cilium agent translates desired networking and security state into eBPF programs and maps, then attaches those programs to Linux kernel hook points such as traffic-control ingress and egress, XDP, cgroups, and sockets. Packets can consequently be classified, permitted, dropped, redirected, load-balanced, or forwarded without requiring changes to the protected application.
Endpoint-policy programs associate traffic with Cilium security identities and perform Layer 3 and Layer 4 enforcement in the kernel. Traffic requiring Layer 7 inspection can be redirected from the eBPF datapath to Envoy. This combination provides efficient kernel-level enforcement while retaining application-aware controls.
Option A describes an important Hubble observability outcome, but it is narrower than Cilium's primary networking and enforcement model and overstates what is necessarily exposed through a UI. Option B mischaracterizes Cilium as DNS infrastructure; Cilium can enforce DNS-aware policies but does not replace Kubernetes DNS service discovery. Option C is too generic and implies a conventional threat-detection product rather than identity-based networking and policy enforcement.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction , Introduction to Cilium and Hubble
Study Guide topic: Kernel hooks, endpoint policy, identities, and eBPF datapath enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which statement is true of both the Ingress Controller and Gateway API?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Both Kubernetes Ingress and the north-south use of Gateway API provide declarative Layer 7 routing from clients outside the cluster to Kubernetes workloads. They express host- and path-based routing through Kubernetes resources and can be implemented by controllers such as Cilium's Envoy-based ingress implementation. A therefore captures their shared purpose most accurately.
The remaining choices describe differences rather than universal similarities. Gateway API is explicitly role- oriented: infrastructure administrators manage GatewayClass and often Gateway , while application owners manage route resources such as HTTPRoute . The Ingress API does not provide the same formal separation of administrative and application-facing resources, making C unsuitable as a statement about both.
Implementation-specific annotations are historically common with Ingress because its core API is limited.
Gateway API was deliberately designed with more expressive, portable resource fields so that implementations do not need to depend as heavily on vendor-specific annotations; D is consequently not true of both. Namespace behavior also differs because Gateway API provides controlled cross-namespace attachment and reference mechanisms. B is therefore not the defining common capability.
Official references
Cilium Kubernetes Ingress Support , Cilium Gateway API Support , Migrating from Ingress to Gateway API Study Guide topic: Kubernetes north-south routing, Ingress, and Gateway API.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which component, when available, is able to handle IPAM requests?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The Cilium Operator handles IP address management responsibilities in IPAM modes that require cluster- wide or cloud-integrated allocation. Current documentation identifies the operator as responsible for IPAM in Azure IPAM, AWS ENI, and cluster-scope mode. Cloud-specific operators populate the appropriate allocation information in CiliumNode resources, after which node-local agents allocate addresses to endpoints from the available ranges.
The phrase "when available" is important because responsibilities vary by IPAM mode. Under Kubernetes host-scope IPAM, Kubernetes allocates each node's PodCIDR, and the Cilium agent consumes that range from the Kubernetes Node object. Nevertheless, among the supplied components, the operator is the component specifically associated with centralized IPAM requests and allocation management.
The Cilium agent implements each node's datapath and endpoint lifecycle but is not the general cluster-wide IPAM answer intended here. Cilium API Server is not the documented allocation component. The misspelled Cilium CNIPIugin refers to the CNI plugin, which requests networking setup when a pod is created but does not replace the operator's IPAM responsibilities.
Official references
Cilium Operator , Cilium IP Address Management
Study Guide topic: Cilium Operator responsibilities and IPAM modes.
NEW QUESTION # 26
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