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L4M2試験トレントの3つのバージョンを提供しており、PDFバージョン、PCバージョン、APPオンラインバージョンが含まれています。各バージョンの機能と使用方法は異なり、実際の状況に適した最も便利なバージョンを選択できます。たとえば、PDFバージョンは、L4M2テストトレントをダウンロードして印刷するのに便利で、学習の閲覧に適しています。 PDFバージョンを使用している場合は、ペーパーで急流L4M2ガイドを印刷できます。 L4M2試験問題のPCバージョンは、Defining Business Needs実際の試験環境を刺激します。
CIPS L4M2の認定試験を受験するには、L4M1モジュールを修了したか、同等の職務経験がある必要があります。また、CIPSが設定した要件を満たす必要があります。それには、関連する分野で最低2年の職務経験が必要です。これらの要件を満たした後、受験登録を行い、テストの準備を始めることができます。
テストに関する最も有用で効率的なL4M2トレーニング資料を提供するために最善を尽くし、クライアントが効率的に学習できるように複数の機能と直感的な方法を提供します。 L4M2の有用なテストガイドを学習すれば、時間と労力はほとんどかかりません。合格率とヒット率はともに高いため、テストに合格するための障害はほとんどありません。 Webで紹介を読んだ後、L4M2学習実践ガイドをさらに理解できます。
CIPS L4M2（ビジネスニーズの定義）認定試験は、ビジネス分析の分野でのキャリアを進歩させようとする専門家にとって不可欠な資格です。この試験は、成功するビジネスプロジェクトの重要な要素であるビジネスニーズと要件を定義する際に候補者の知識とスキルをテストするように設計されています。
CIPSのL4M2：Defining Business Needs試験は、ビジネスニーズを定義する知識とスキルを開発したい調達プロフェッショナルにとって必須のコースです。このコースは、調達におけるビジネスニーズを定義することの重要性と、それが組織の成功にどのように貢献できるかを包括的に理解することができます。国際的に認められたこの試験は、受験者のコース内容に対する知識と理解をテストするために設計されています。
質問 # 226
When a procurement manager considers a substitution, the number and nature of additional func-tions that substitute provides should be taken into account carefully. Which of the following ratio could help the procurement manager to make the right decision?
正解：D
解説：
One product substitutes for another if it offers buyers an inducement to switch that exceeds the cost or overcomes the resistance to doing so. A substitute offers an inducement to switch if the substitute provides the buyer with more value relative to its price than the product currently being used. There is always some cost of switching to a substitute because of the disruption and potential reconfiguration of buyer activities that must result, however. The threat of a substitute will vary depending on the size of the inducement relative to the required switching costs.
In addition to relative value to price and switching cost, the pattern of substitution is influenced by what I term the buyer's propensity to switch. Faced with equivalent economic inducements for substitution, different buyers will often evaluate substitution differently. The threat of substitution, then, is a function of three factors:
* The relative value/ price of a substitute compared to an industry's product
* The cost of switching to the substitute
* The buyer's propensity to switch
Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 278). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
The price-to-book ratio compares a company's market value to its book value. The market value of a company is its share price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. The book value is the net assets of a company.
The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is the ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its earnings per share (EPS). The price-to-earnings ratio is also sometimes known as the price multiple or the earnings multiple.
The reserve ratio is the portion of reservable liabilities that commercial banks must hold onto, rather than lend out or invest. This is a requirement determined by the country's central bank, which in the United States is the Federal Reserve. It is also known as the cash reserve ratio.
LO 2, AC 2.2
質問 # 227
To improve the productivity, Plantation Ltd is planning to purchase a tractor, which it has never bought before. The project must be quick to catch up with the next growing season. Leanne, a jun-ior procurement staff at the company, assumes that she could skip market analysis stage to save time. Is this assumption reasonable?
正解：C
解説：
Market analysis is a stage in CIPS Procurement and Supply Cycle. This stage informs the purchaser about the number of suppliers, the average pricing, and product trends. Even urgent purchase should undergo market analysis. Without undertaking this stage, the buying organisation may not purchase the right product, or they may purchase at higher price.
質問 # 228
Housing Ltd is inviting a number of contractors to a tender for the construction of a commercial building. In the attachment to the invitation to tender, there is a document which describes the re-quired materials and installation methods. This document is known as...?
正解：C
解説：
This question mentions about specification in construction. In this sector, specifications are written documents that describe the materials and workmanship required for a development. They do not include cost, quantity or drawn information and need to be read alongside other contract documentation such as quantities, schedules and drawings.
Specifications vary considerably depending on the stage to which the design has been developed, ranging from performance (open) specifications that require further development by a contractor or supplier, to prescriptive (closed) specifications for which the design is already complete when the project is tendered.
Prescriptive specifications typically contain detailed descriptions of the following components:
- General requirements relating to regulations and standards.
- The type of products and materials required.
- The execution and installation methods required.
Prescriptive specifications give the client much more certainty about the end product when making investment decisions (such as when they appoint the contractor), and place a greater burden on the designer to ensure proper installation rather than the contractor.
質問 # 229
Andrew is responsible for procurement of capital assets at Lumber Ltd. He is devising new business case for the purchase of a new band saw. The purchase price of the saw is $50,000. Andrew estimates that the machine will generate $10,000 per year of net cash flow. What is the payback period of this band saw?
正解：B
解説：
Payback period is the time in which the initial outlay of an investment is expected to be recovered through the cash inflows generated by the investment. It is one of the simplest investment apprais-al techniques.
Since cash flow estimates are quite accurate for periods in the near future and relatively inaccurate for periods in distant future due to economic and operational uncertainties, payback period is an indicator of risk inherent in a project because it takes initial inflows into account and ignores the cash flows after the point at which the initial investment is recovered.
The formula to calculate the payback period of an investment depends on whether the periodic cash inflows from the project are even or uneven.
If the cash inflows are even (such as for investments in annuities), the formula to calculate payback period is:
Payback Period = Initial Investment / Net Cash Flow per Period
When cash inflows are uneven, we need to calculate the cumulative net cash flow for each period and then use the following formula:
Payback Period =A + (B/C)
Where,
A is the last period number with a negative cumulative cash flow;
B is the absolute value (i.e. value without negative sign) of cumulative net cash flow at the end of the period A; and C is the total cash inflow during the period following period A Cumulative net cash flow is the sum of inflows to date, minus the initial outflow.
Reference:
- Payback Period | Formulas, Calculation & Examples (xplaind.com)
- CIPS study guide page 44-47
LO 1, AC 1.3
質問 # 230
When procuring a machinery, at which stage buyer must check whether it is working to the stand-ards set out in the design specification?
正解：C
解説：
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Diagram, table Description automatically generated
Source: Andrew Graves
The installation stage occurs in In-Service Operations. At this stage, the machinery is shipped and installed on the buyer's premises and check to ensure that it is working to the standards set out in the design specification.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 130
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 231
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