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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Standards and compliance |
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Historical evolution and modern applications - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - HMAC construction and application - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Principles and operation |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Principles: public/private key pairs - Digital signatures: purpose and process - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models |
>> Introduction-to-Cryptography Test Question <<
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NEW QUESTION # 60
(Which number generator has different results given the same input data?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
A true random number generator (TRNG) produces outputs derived from nondeterministic physical processes (e.g., thermal noise, oscillator jitter, radioactive decay, or other hardware entropy sources). Because the underlying phenomenon is not algorithmically determined by an input seed in the same way as a PRNG, repeated "inputs" (or identical conditions from a software perspective) do not yield the same sequence; the outputs vary unpredictably. By contrast, a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is deterministic: given the same seed and internal state, it produces the same output sequence, which is useful for repeatability but means security depends on seed secrecy and proper seeding. "Prime" is not a generator type, and "sequence" is too generic and does not imply nondeterminism. In cryptographic systems, TRNGs (or hardware entropy sources) are often used to seed cryptographically secure PRNGs (CSPRNGs), combining high-quality entropy with efficient generation. Therefore, the generator that can produce different results for the "same input data" is a true random number generator.
NEW QUESTION # 61
(Which technique involves spotting variations in encrypted data and plotting how the characters relate to standard English characters?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Frequency analysis is a classical cryptanalysis technique that exploits predictable statistical patterns in natural language. In English, certain letters (like E, T, A, O, I, N) occur more frequently than others, and common digrams/trigrams (TH, HE, IN, ER) appear with recognizable distribution. When a cipher preserves character boundaries (as in many substitution ciphers), the ciphertext will also show frequency patterns-though mapped to different symbols. The analyst counts ciphertext character occurrences, compares the distribution to expected English letter frequencies, and infers likely plaintext mappings. "Spotting variations" refers to observing differences in how often symbols appear and using that to plot relationships between ciphertext and standard English. Brute force instead tries all keys; known-plaintext attacks rely on having plaintext-ciphertext pairs; chosen-ciphertext attacks involve decrypting attacker-selected ciphertexts. Those are different attack models. Frequency analysis is specifically about statistical correlation between ciphertext symbols and language characteristics, which is why it is effective against monoalphabetic substitution and weak polyalphabetic schemes with short periods.
NEW QUESTION # 62
(Which symmetric encryption technique uses a 256-bit key size and a 128-bit block size?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher standardized to operate on a fixed 128-bit block size and supports key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits. When the key size is 256 bits, the cipher is commonly referred to as AES-256, but the block size remains 128 bits regardless of key length. This combination (256-bit key, 128-bit block) matches the question precisely. By comparison, DES uses a 64-bit block size with a 56-bit effective key. 3DES also uses a 64-bit block size and effectively applies DES three times, yielding an effective key length typically cited as 112 bits (two-key 3DES) or 168 bits (three-key
3DES), depending on how keys are configured. IDEA uses a 64-bit block size with a 128-bit key. Therefore, the only listed algorithm that supports a 256-bit key while maintaining a 128-bit block size is AES. This is one reason AES is widely adopted for modern symmetric encryption: strong key sizes with efficient implementation and broad standardization.
NEW QUESTION # 63
(How can auditing enhance an organization ' s cryptographic practices?)
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 64
(What are the primary characteristics of Bitcoin proof of work?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Bitcoin's proof of work (PoW) is designed so that finding a valid block is computationally difficult, but checking validity is computationally easy. Miners must repeatedly hash candidate block headers (double SHA-
256) with different nonces until they find a hash value below a network-defined target. This trial-and-error search requires significant work and energy because the probability of success per attempt is extremely low at current difficulty levels. However, verification is straightforward: any node can hash the block header once (or a small number of times) and confirm the resulting hash meets the target threshold and that the block contents follow protocol rules. This "hard to produce, easy to verify" property is essential: it makes it expensive for attackers to rewrite history or outpace honest miners, while allowing all participants-even low- power devices-to validate blocks efficiently. Therefore, the primary characteristic of Bitcoin proof of work is that it is difficult to produce and easy to verify.
NEW QUESTION # 65
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