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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Applied Cryptography | - SSL/TLS Protocols - VPN Security - PGP and Email Encryption - Cryptographic Best Practices |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Cryptographic Terminology - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption |
| Asymmetric Cryptography | - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - RSA Algorithm - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) |
| Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) - Digital Signature Standards - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) |
| Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Common Attack Vectors - Social Engineering Prevention |
| Symmetric Cryptography | - Key Management - Stream Ciphers - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Initialization Vectors (IV) |
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質問 # 38
(What are the roles of keys when using digital signatures?)
正解:D
質問 # 39
(A security analyst is using 3DES for data encryption. Which 3DES key size is valid?)
正解:B
解説:
3DES (Triple DES) applies the DES block cipher three times to increase effective security, and its commonly cited valid key sizes correspond to how many independent DES keys are used. Two-key
3DES uses two 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an EDE sequence (Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, Encrypt with K1), yielding 112 bits of keying material (ignoring parity bits). Three-key 3DES uses three independent 56-bit keys for a total of 168 bits of keying material, but that option is not listed here.
A 56-bit key corresponds to single DES, not 3DES. 128-bit is associated with AES, not 3DES. 2,048-bit is typical for RSA keys, not symmetric ciphers. Therefore, among the choices provided, 112-bit is a valid 3DES key size. While 3DES is now deprecated for many uses due to its 64-bit block size and performance limitations, understanding its keying options remains important for legacy system assessment.
質問 # 40
(Which number of bits gets encrypted each time encryption is applied during stream encryption?)
正解:D
解説:
In the classical definition, a stream cipher encrypts data in very small units-often described as one bit at a time-by combining plaintext with a keystream (commonly via XOR). While many practical stream ciphers operate on bytes or words for efficiency, the conceptual distinction compared to block ciphers is that stream encryption processes data as a continuous stream rather than fixed-size blocks.
This is why the standard teaching answer is "1 bit" per application of the keystream. Block ciphers, by contrast, encrypt blocks like 64 bits (DES/3DES) or 128 bits (AES) in each invocation of the block primitive. Options like 40, 192, and 256 are not typical stream cipher "per-step" processing sizes; 40 and 256 are often associated with key sizes, and 192 could be a key size for AES, not an encryption granularity. The essential security requirement for stream ciphers is that the keystream must be unpredictable and never reused with the same key/nonce combination; otherwise XOR properties allow attackers to recover relationships between plaintexts. Thus, the best answer is 1.
質問 # 41
(How does adding salt to a password improve security?)
正解:D
解説:
A salt is a unique, random value stored alongside a password hash and combined with the password during hashing. Its main security benefit is that it ensures identical passwords do not produce identical hashes across different accounts or systems. If two users choose the same password, their stored hashes will differ because their salts differ, which directly prevents attackers from spotting shared passwords by comparing hashes. Salts also defeat precomputation attacks such as rainbow tables, because an attacker would need to regenerate tables for each possible salt value-a task that becomes infeasible when salts are large and unique per password. Salt does not enforce password complexity rules (that's a policy/validation function), does not guarantee users choose different passwords, and does not prevent password reuse across sites. The correct statement is that salt makes the resulting hash different even for the same password, improving resistance to offline cracking at scale and eliminating the "same hash = same password" shortcut attackers rely on.
質問 # 42
(What is the correlation between the number of rounds and the key length used in the AES algorithm?)
正解:B
解説:
In AES, the number of rounds is explicitly tied to the key length. AES-128 uses 10 rounds, AES-192 uses 12 rounds, and AES-256 uses 14 rounds. The purpose of additional rounds is to increase diffusion and confusion, strengthening resistance against cryptanalysis as the key schedule and state transformations iterate more times. Although key length primarily affects brute-force resistance, AES's designers and standardization parameters link longer keys with more rounds to maintain security margins across variants, especially considering differences in the key schedule structure. Thus, as key length increases from 128 to 192 to 256 bits, the number of rounds increases correspondingly from 10 to 12 to 14. This relationship is fixed by the AES specification and does not vary dynamically at runtime. Therefore, the correct correlation is that the number of rounds increases as the key length increases.
質問 # 43
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