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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Data Ingestion and Transformation | 34% | - Build and manage data pipelines - Ingest and transform data using AWS services |
| Data Store Management | 26% | - Select appropriate data storage solutions - Optimize storage performance and cost |
| Data Security and Governance | 18% | - Implement data security controls - Apply governance and compliance best practices |
| Data Operations and Support | 22% | - Troubleshoot data workflow issues - Monitor and maintain data pipelines |
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NEW QUESTION # 166
A data engineer needs to use AWS Step Functions to design an orchestration workflow. The workflow must parallel process a large collection of data files and apply a specific transformation to each file.
Which Step Functions state should the data engineer use to meet these requirements?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Option C is the correct answer because the Map state is designed to process a collection of data in parallel by applying the same transformation to each element. The Map state can invoke a nested workflow for each element, which can be another state machine or a Lambda function. The Map state will wait until all the parallel executions are completed before moving to the next state.
Option A is incorrect because the Parallel state is used to execute multiple branches of logic concurrently, not to process a collection of data. The Parallel state can have different branches with different logic and states, whereas the Map state has only one branch that is applied to each element of the collection.
Option B is incorrect because the Choice state is used to make decisions based on a comparison of a value to a set of rules. The Choice state does not process any data or invoke any nested workflows.
Option D is incorrect because the Wait state is used to delay the state machine from continuing for a specified time. The Wait state does not process any data or invoke any nested workflows.
Reference:
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide, Chapter 5: Data Orchestration, Section 5.3: AWS Step Functions, Pages 131-132 Building Batch Data Analytics Solutions on AWS, Module 5: Data Orchestration, Lesson 5.2: AWS Step Functions, Pages 9-10 AWS Documentation Overview, AWS Step Functions Developer Guide, Step Functions Concepts, State Types, Map State, Pages 1-3
NEW QUESTION # 167
A global finance company needs to implement near real-time cross-Region synchronization of trading data between trading centers in the us-east-1 Region, the eu-west-2 Region, and the ap-northeast-1 Region. The company must ensure that data is encrypted in transit. The solution must ensure data ordering and consistency and must support cross-Region disaster recovery. The solution must provide data latency of less than 500 milliseconds.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational effort?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Option B is correct because Amazon MSK Replicator is the AWS-managed feature specifically designed to reliably replicate data across Amazon MSK clusters in different AWS Regions. AWS states that MSK Replicator can be used to build regionally resilient streaming applications for availability and business continuity, which directly supports the disaster recovery requirement. It is also the choice with the least operational effort because it avoids deploying and managing self-hosted replication tools such as Kafka Connect or MirrorMaker 2. AWS documentation for cross-Region setup also shows support for secure connectivity and notes that MSK environments support IAM, TLS, and SASL/SCRAM authentication schemes for private connectivity scenarios.
Option A and C would require the company to deploy, scale, patch, and monitor custom replication infrastructure in every Region, which increases operational overhead. Option D is not appropriate because Kinesis Data Firehose is not the native service for replicating data between MSK clusters. For ordering and consistency, Kafka-based replication preserves partitioned stream semantics better than mixing in a different streaming service. Therefore, a mesh of MSK Replicator relationships between regional MSK clusters is the best AWS-native answer for near real-time, encrypted, cross-Region replication with minimal administration.
NEW QUESTION # 168
A company created an extract, transform, and load (ETL) data pipeline in AWS Glue. A data engineer must crawl a table that is in Microsoft SQL Server. The data engineer needs to extract, transform, and load the output of the crawl to an Amazon S3 bucket. The data engineer also must orchestrate the data pipeline.
Which AWS service or feature will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively?
Answer: A
Explanation:
AWS Glue workflows are a cost-effective way to orchestrate complex ETL jobs that involve multiple crawlers, jobs, and triggers. AWS Glue workflows allow you to visually monitor the progress and dependencies of your ETL tasks, and automatically handle errors and retries. AWS Glue workflows also integrate with other AWS services, such as Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, and AWS Lambda, among others, enabling you to leverage these services for your data processing workflows. AWS Glue workflows are serverless, meaning you only pay for the resources you use, and you don't have to manage any infrastructure.
AWS Step Functions, AWS Glue Studio, and Amazon MWAA are also possible options for orchestrating ETL pipelines, but they have some drawbacks compared to AWS Glue workflows. AWS Step Functions is a serverless function orchestrator that can handle different types of data processing, such as real-time, batch, and stream processing. However, AWS Step Functions requires you to write code to define your state machines, which can be complex and error-prone. AWS Step Functions also charges you for every state transition, which can add up quickly for large-scale ETL pipelines.
AWS Glue Studio is a graphical interface that allows you to create and run AWS Glue ETL jobs without writing code. AWS Glue Studio simplifies the process of building, debugging, and monitoring your ETL jobs, and provides a range of pre-built transformations and connectors. However, AWS Glue Studio does not support workflows, meaning you cannot orchestrate multiple ETL jobs or crawlers with dependencies and triggers. AWS Glue Studio also does not support streaming data sources or targets, which limits its use cases for real-time data processing.
Amazon MWAA is a fully managed service that makes it easy to run open-source versions of Apache Airflow on AWS and build workflows to run your ETL jobs and data pipelines. Amazon MWAA provides a familiar and flexible environment for data engineers who are familiar with Apache Airflow, and integrates with a range of AWS services such as Amazon EMR, AWS Glue, and AWS Step Functions. However, Amazon MWAA is not serverless, meaning you have to provision and pay for the resources you need, regardless of your usage. Amazon MWAA also requires you to write code to define your DAGs, which can be challenging and time-consuming for complex ETL pipelines. Reference:
AWS Glue Workflows
AWS Step Functions
AWS Glue Studio
Amazon MWAA
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide
NEW QUESTION # 169
A company has five offices in different AWS Regions. Each office has its own human resources (HR) department that uses a unique IAM role. The company stores employee records in a data lake that is based on Amazon S3 storage.
A data engineering team needs to limit access to the records. Each HR department should be able to access records for only employees who are within the HR department's Region.
Which combination of steps should the data engineering team take to meet this requirement with the LEAST operational overhead? (Choose two.)
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
AWS Lake Formation is a service that helps you build, secure, and manage data lakes on Amazon S3. You can use AWS Lake Formation to register the S3 path as a data lake location, and enable fine-grained access control to limit access to the records based on the HR department's Region. You can use data filters to specify which S3 prefixes or partitions each HR department can access, and grant permissions to the IAM roles of the HR departments accordingly. This solution will meet the requirement with the least operational overhead, as it simplifies the data lake management and security, and leverages the existing IAM roles of the HR departments12.
The other options are not optimal for the following reasons:
* A. Use data filters for each Region to register the S3 paths as data locations. This option is not possible, as data filters are not used to register S3 paths as data locations, but to grant permissions to access specific S3 prefixes or partitions within a data location. Moreover, this option does not specify how to limit access to the records based on the HR department's Region.
* C. Modify the IAM roles of the HR departments to add a data filter for each department's Region. This option is not possible, as data filters are not added to IAM roles, but to permissions granted by AWS Lake Formation. Moreover, this option does not specify how to register the S3 path as a data lake location, or how to enable fine-grained access control in AWS Lake Formation.
* E. Create a separate S3 bucket for each Region. Configure an IAM policy to allow S3 access. Restrict access based on Region. This option is not recommended, as it would require more operational overhead to create and manage multiple S3 buckets, and to configure and maintain IAM policies for each HR department. Moreover, this option does not leverage the benefits of AWS Lake Formation, such as data cataloging, data transformation, and data governance.
References:
* 1: AWS Lake Formation
* 2: AWS Lake Formation Permissions
* : AWS Identity and Access Management
* : Amazon S3
NEW QUESTION # 170
A company currently stores all of its data in Amazon S3 by using the S3 Standard storage class.
A data engineer examined data access patterns to identify trends. During the first 6 months, most data files are accessed several times each day. Between 6 months and 2 years, most data files are accessed once or twice each month. After 2 years, data files are accessed only once or twice each year.
The data engineer needs to use an S3 Lifecycle policy to develop new data storage rules. The new storage solution must continue to provide high availability.
Which solution will meet these requirements in the MOST cost-effective way?
Answer: B
Explanation:
To achieve the most cost-effective storage solution, the data engineer needs to use an S3 Lifecycle policy that transitions objects to lower-cost storage classes based on their access patterns, and deletes them when they are no longer needed. The storage classes should also provide high availability, which means they should be resilient to the loss of data in a single Availability Zone1. Therefore, the solution must include the following steps:
* Transition objects to S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA) after 6 months. S3 Standard-IA is designed for data that is accessed less frequently, but requires rapid access when needed. It offers the same high durability, throughput, and low latency as S3 Standard, but with a lower storage cost and a retrieval fee2. Therefore, it is suitable for data files that are accessed once or twice each month. S3 Standard-IA also provides high availability, as it stores data redundantly across multiple Availability Zones1.
* Transfer objects to S3 Glacier Deep Archive after 2 years. S3 Glacier Deep Archive is the lowest-cost storage class that offers secure and durable storage for data that is rarely accessed and can tolerate a 12- hour retrieval time. It is ideal for long-term archiving and digital preservation3. Therefore, it is suitable for data files that are accessed only once or twice each year. S3 Glacier Deep Archive also provides high availability, as it stores data across at least three geographically dispersed Availability Zones1.
* Delete objects when they are no longer needed. The data engineer can specify an expiration action in the S3 Lifecycle policy to delete objects after a certain period of time. This will reduce the storage cost and comply with any data retention policies.
Option C is the only solution that includes all these steps. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
Option A is incorrect because it transitions objects to S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access (S3 One Zone-IA) after
6 months. S3 One Zone-IA is similar to S3 Standard-IA, but it stores data in a single Availability Zone. This means it has a lower availability and durability than S3 Standard-IA, and it is not resilient to the loss of data in a single Availability Zone1. Therefore, it does not provide high availability as required.
Option B is incorrect because it transfers objects to S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval after 2 years. S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval is a storage class that offers secure and durable storage for data that is accessed infrequently and can tolerate a retrieval time of minutes to hours. It is more expensive than S3 Glacier Deep Archive, and it is not suitable for data that is accessed only once or twice each year3. Therefore, it is not the most cost-effective option.
Option D is incorrect because it combines the errors of option A and B. It transitions objects to S3 One Zone- IA after 6 months, which does not provide high availability, and it transfers objects to S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval after 2 years, which is not the most cost-effective option.
:
1: Amazon S3 storage classes - Amazon Simple Storage Service
2: Amazon S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA) - Amazon Simple Storage Service
3: Amazon S3 Glacier and S3 Glacier Deep Archive - Amazon Simple Storage Service
[4]: Expiring objects - Amazon Simple Storage Service
[5]: Managing your storage lifecycle - Amazon Simple Storage Service
[6]: Examples of S3 Lifecycle configuration - Amazon Simple Storage Service
[7]: Amazon S3 Lifecycle further optimizes storage cost savings with new features - What's New with AWS
NEW QUESTION # 171
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